Topic 1

• Corak perkembangan usaha-usaha bagi membolehkan kanak-kanak berkeperluan khas mencapai hak berpendidikan

  • Penyisihan (exclusion)
  • Segregasi (segregation)
  • Integrasi (integration)
  • Inklusif (inclusion)
• Fasa perkembangan pendidikan untuk MBK

  • Segregasi (segregation)
  • Normalisasi (normalisation)
  • Integrasi
  • Inklusif ke persekitaran arus perdana
• Peringkat-peringkat perubahan sikap masyarakat dunia yang membawa kepada pelaksanaan pendidikan inklusif


  • Penafian Hak
  • Penerimaan (kedermawanan, kebajikan)
  • Pengasingan
  • Segregasi
  • Pengetahuan
  • Pemahaman
  • Pendidikan untuk Semua (Pendidikan Inklusif)
  • Integrasi/Pendidikan Khas
• Pendidikan inklusif


  Semua kanak-kanak perlu belajar bersama-sama dalam konteks yang sama tidak kira apa jua kesulitan atau perbezaan yang ada pada diri mereka
• Matlamat pendidikan inklusif di Malaysia


  • Meningkatkan peluang penyertaan MBK untuk mengikuti program akademik dan bukan akademik bersama-sama dengan murid-murid tipikal
  • Memberikan kesedaran kepada masyarakat akan potensi yang ada pada MBK
  • Mewujudkan kepercayaan masyarakat bahawa jika MBK mendapat peluang yang sama, ketidakupayaan mereka boleh diminimumkan
• Objektif pendidikan inklusif di Malaysia

  • Memastikan MBK mendapat hak yang sama rata untuk belajar dalam persekitaran tanpa halangan
  • Membina keyakinan diri MBK bagi mencapai potensi yang optimum
  • Memastikan MBK dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan murid-murid tipikal bagi meningkatkan kemahiran kehidupan harian mereka
  • Meningkatkan kesedaran dan penerimaan warga sekolah dan komuniti tentang kepelbagaian keupayaan MBK
• Learning Disabilities (LD)


  Problem faced is the ability to listen, to think, to speak and to read the imperfect
• Categories of Learning Disabilities

  • Dyslexia
  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • Slow Learner
  • Autism
  • Down's Syndrome
  • Mental Retarded (Minimum)
• Hearing Impaired


  Have learning difficulties as one is unable to process linguistic information with or without hearing aid
• Communication tools for Hearing Impaired

  • speech
  • sign language
  • acting
  • visual language
• Visually Impaired


  The ability to see is no more than 6/60 or 20/200 with Snellen Test or have limited vision of being able to see only 20% lighting
• Methods and delivery of teaching methods need to be adapted to the child in order to optimize academic achievement and daily learning
• Categories of Special Education in Malaysia

  • Special Education Schools
  • Special Education Integration Program (SEIP)
  • Inclusive Education Program (IEP)
• The establishment of Princess Elizabeth Special Education School in Johor Bharu for blind children


  1948
• The first Deaf Children's Federation of Schools in Malaysia was established in Penang for deaf children


  1954
• The rehabilitation program for "inferior" students (weak in mastering reading, writing and counting skills) began


  1978
• The implementation of the program for "Learning Difficulties" (a pioneer class at Sekolah Kebangsaan Jalan Batu, Kuala Lumpur)

  1988
• The development of special education in Malaysia is focused on blind, deaf and problematic learning groups
• Inclusive Education Program (IEP) is the mainstream school that integrates one to five students with special needs in every mainstream class
• Malaysian Policies Supporting IEP

  • People's Disabled Act 2008
  • Special Education Regulation 2013
  • Malaysian Education Development Plan (2013-2025)
• IEP Objectives


  • Increase participation and opportunities for students with SEN in mainstream education
  • Minimize the denial of potential for students with SEN
  • Build self-confidence and achieve optimal potential
• IEP provides equal opportunities for students with SEN to study without hindrance
• IEP Guidelines and Commitments

  • Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025: Commitment to increasing the number of students with special needs in IEP
  • Charter: "Enhanced Enrollment of Special Needs Students in Inclusive Education Program" (2013)
• Inclusive Education Program


  Attended by students with SEN alongside regular students following the mainstream curriculum
• Issues and Challenges of the Implementation of IEP

  • The willingness of the mainstream teachers to adapt teaching sessions to meet student with SEN requirements
  • Burden of teachers' tasks, teachers' and collaborative awareness among IEP teachers
  • Teachers who teach student with SEN in IEP should be given training in managing student with SEN
  • The failure of student with SEN involvement in IEP was due to not being implemented and planned properly, and not achieving its real objective
  • Communication problem between teachers and students with SEN especially autistic students
  • Teachers do not get the necessary support
  • Teachers are forced to teach student in the absence of special education related knowledge and no teaching readiness
• Inclusive education


  • Education that fits - Learners have different abilities, interests, and diverse ethnic and social backgrounds
  • A school for everyone - Education must accommodate the diversity of learners present in every school
• Impediments to inclusive education

  • Insufficient skills among teachers
  • Limited adaptation strategies to the teaching method that suits the inclusive pupils (e.g. teacher doesn't know how to create a remedial activity for the slow learners)
  • Large class sizes - it's challenging for teachers to provide individualized attention to the pupils in need
  • Rigid curricula and examination systems - Students with different learning needs may struggle to engage with standardized content, hindering their educational experience
• 4 main arguments for inclusive education

  • All learners will gain academically and socially, also will improve their self-esteem
  • More economically viable
  • Also provides positive outcomes for other learners
  • Should be seen as a fundamental right, not just for learners with special educational needs, but for all learners
• UNESCO guidelines on inclusive education


  1. Recognise the importance of a broadened concept of inclusive education

  2. Strengthen the links between schools and society to participate in and contribute to the educational process

  3. Develop early childhood care and education programmes that promote inclusion

  4. Train teachers by equipping them with the appropriate skills and materials

  5. Encourage innovative research in teaching and learning processes related to inclusive education
• Formula for inclusive education


  • Vision
  • Placement
  • Adapted curriculum
  • Adapted assessment
  • Adapted teaching
  • Acceptance
  • Access
  • Support
  • Resources
  • Leadership
• "Educational Rights for Persons with Disabilities: Towards Inclusion"


  A flagship program
• International & National Policy of Inclusive Education


  • World's Declaration on Education For All (EFA) Jomtien, Thailand (1990)
  • Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education (UNESCO,1994a)
  • Dakar World Education Forum 2000
  • Biwako Millennium Framework for Action (2003-2012): Towards an Inclusive, Barrier-Free & Right-based Society for Persons with Disabilities
  • United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPD,2006)
  • Education Act 1996 (Act 550)
  • Disability Act (2008)
  • Malaysia Education Blueprint (2013-2025)
• All children, youth, and adults, both inside and outside of the school setting

  Entitled to high-quality basic education
• First international declaration to demand for inclusive education for children with disabilities
• Commitment to education for all and acknowledges the right of children, adolescents, and adults with special needs to attend regular schools
• Fails to explicitly address the educational rights of children with disabilities
• Segregation (penerimaan)


  The education of students with disabilities is provided in separate environments or isolation from students without disabilities
• Integration (pemahuman)


  Placing persons with disabilities in existing mainstream educational institutions
• Inclusion (pengetahuan)


  Involves a process of systemic reform embodying changes and modifications in content, teaching methods, approaches, structures and strategies in education to overcome barriers with a vision serving to provide all students of the relevant age range with an equitable and participatory learning experience and environment that best corresponds to their requirements and preferences
• Exclusion (penafian hak)


  Students are directly or indirect prevented from access to education in any form