reading writing part1

• Academic writing


  A type of writing produced by students and professionals in an academic setting, with the main purpose to inform and persuade, not to entertain
• Common types of academic writing

  • Academic essays
  • Book reviews
  • Literature reviews
  • Research reports
  • Research project proposals
  • Position papers
  • Reaction papers
• Academic writing


  • Impersonal and formal
  • Uses third person perspective
  • Avoids word contractions
  • Requires wide-ranging, field-specific vocabulary
• Structure of academic texts


  • Each paragraph contains one main idea and has a clear topic sentence
  • Thesis statement placed at the last part of the introductory paragraph and repeated in the first sentence of the concluding paragraph
• Mechanics of academic writing

  • Follows guidelines for language use and mechanics of well-written texts
  • Citation and referencing are essential elements
• Professional writing


  Any type of written communication done specifically in a professional but non-academic context, most often applied in business and technical writing
• Professional writing


  • Uses business English and a more personal tone
  • Can use first and second person points of view
  • Addresses a particular need, follows a standard structure and format, and conveys business and technical content to a specific audience
  • Objective, unemotional, accurate, concise, and straightforward
• Mechanics of professional writing


  • Bars the use of emoticons, contractions, and unnecessary exclamation points
  • Requires fewer citations compared to academic writing