Science ( 4th Quarterly Exam )

• Chromosomes - A factor that controls hereditary traits.
• Villi - Tiny structures that line the internal surface of the small intestine to increase its surface area for the absorption of nutrients.
• Liver - the largest internal organ of the human body.
• Amylase - An enzymes that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
• Mitotic phase - A stage in the life of a cell that is spent the most.
• Simple sugars - The result of chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
• S phase - A phase where the cell cycle does DNA replication occur.
• Stomach - The part where the digestive system does the breaking down of food into tinier pieces.
• Doubling of cell size - A statement that describes what happens during karyokinesis.
• Pancreas - An organ that stores bile and pumps it into the duodenum.
• Saliva - Helps in the digestion of food in the mouth.
• Bile - Is produced by the liver.
• The genotype refers to the genetic composition for a trait of an organism.
• The law of segregation states that during gamete formation, all pairs of genes for all traits of an organism separate from each other.
• The phenotype is the observable trait or visible feature of the organism.
• In genetics, the two factors mentioned by Mendel are called alleles. These alleles could be dominant or recessive.
• The monohybrid cross involves a cross using a single factor or character trait.
• The genetics is the study of heredity and variation of organisms.
• The study of the transfer of traits from the parents to offspring is genetics.
• The alleles can be represented by a pair of letters called genotype.
• Similar alleles are called homozygous which dissimilar are called heterozygous.
• The law of dominance states that one member of the pair of factors or genes may mask or hide the appearance of the other genes.
• The dihybrid cross involves a cross using two character traits.
• The law of independent states that the distribution of one pair of genes is independent of the distribution of the other pair.
• The genes are always in pair which determine the maternal and paternal trait.
• The punnet square is a diagram that allows us to determine the possible combinations of genes in a given cross.
• Inheritance of traits is controlled by genes.
• These sex cells, eggs and sperms are created through the process gametogenesis.
• Multicellular organisms are formed by the union of gametes or sex cells.
• For gametogenesis to occur successfully, meiosis is required in reducing the number of chromosomes of gametes from  diploid  (2N) , having   a complete set of chromosomes, to haploid (N) where the gametes carry only half the standard number of chromosomes.
• The reproductive female cells known as oogonium (plural oogonia) undergoes mitosis and cell growth until it is ready to undergo meiosis and becomes primary oocyte.
• Persons having this chromosomal condition suffer serious physical abnormalities and intellectual disability which include: extra fingers and toes
• Klinefelter Syndrome is also identified as 47, XXY syndrome.
• Why is meiosis important? - Meiosis is important in the formation of sex cells.