Study's

• Meltzoff and Moore- AIM- to investigate interactional synchrony and reciprocity in infants. METHOD- controlled observation- the adult showed 3 facial expressions and the child's response was observed and rated by an independent judge. FINDINGS- An association was found between the adult and the baby. CONCLUSION- This suggests that interactional synchrony is innate.
• Evaluation points- Meltzoff and Moore experiment- Babies cannot communicate so inferences must be made from this research. This means we are unsure of the intentionality of behaviours, we do not know if imitative behaviours are deliberate or if the babies are even consciously aware of the fact they are doing this. Research has practical issues, babies are often asleep or being fed, this means it can be hard to get reliable results due to a lack of consistency in observations.
• Evaluation points- Meltzoff and Moore- real world contribution,
• Meltzoff and moore- experimenter displayed facial gestures such as sticking a tongue out and opening their mouth in shock to 12 21-day old infants, recordings of the infants responses were rated by people blind to the experiment, infants responses matched the experimenter's facial expressions, these results suggest the ability to observe and reciprocate through imitation is present from an early age,
• van izjendoorn and kroonberg 1988- 2000 children who had been assessed by strange situation procedure from 8 different countries- UK, US, Sweden, Japan, China, Holland, Germany, Israel.
• Van izjendoorn and Kroonberg- found that secure attachment type was the most common classification,
• overall findings are misleading- a disproportionally high number of the studies reviewed were conducted in the USA, the overall findings would have been distorted by these. - kroonberg and van izjendoorn
• strange situation procedures and ethnocentrism- cross cultural research using the strange situation judges and categorises infant behaviour according to behavioural categories that were developed following observations of middle-class American infants. This means when the researchers interpret non-American infant behaviour, it is judged against an American standard. EG an infant exploring the playroom by themselves would be classed as avoidant based on American standards but is valued as reflecting independence in Germany.