Vital Signs - refers to measurement of the client’s body temperature (T), pulse (P) rate, respiratory (R) rate, and blood pressure (BP)
Sequence of measuring Vital Signs:
Temperature
Pulse Rate
Respiration Rate
Blood Pressure
BodyTemperature - the heat of the body measured in degrees
Thermoregulation
Core Body Temperature
Surface Body Temperature
Thermoregulation
CoreBodyTemperature - the temperature of the deep tissues of the body, such as the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. ; remains relatively constant. ; maintained within a range of 36.0oC (96.8oF) to 37.5oC (99.5oF). ; Core temperatures are measured at tympanic or rectal areas
Surface body temperature - is temperature of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, and fat. • rises and falls in response to the environment. • measured at oral (sublingual) and axillary sites.
Hypothalamus - Thermoregulatory center of the body
HeatBalance - When the amount of heat produced by the body equals the amount of heat lost
Heat Production
Metabolism
Shivering
Piloerection
Heat Production
Metabolism - primary source of heat in the body
Metabolism
Basal metabolic rate - rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities such as breathing (decreases with age)
Metabolism
Muscleactivity - exercise & shivering, increases the metabolic rate
Shivering - response that increases the production of heat, is initiated by hypothalamus resulting to muscular tremors
Heat Production
Piloerection (goosebumps) - reduces the size of the surface to minimize heat loss.
HeatLoss - The energy lost by the body due to the transfer of heat from the body to the surroundings.
Skin - the primary site of heat loss
Mechanisms of Heat Loss
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Mechanisms of Heat Loss
Convection - the dispersion of heat by air currents (a fan blows currents of air across the surface of a worm body)
Mechanisms of Heat Loss
Evaporation - the conversion of liquid to a vapor (body fluid in the form of perspiration and insensible loss is vaporized from the skin)
Mechanisms of Heat Loss
Conduction - Transfer of heat to another object of lower temp during direct contact (The body transfer heat to an ice pack, causing the ice to melt)
Mechanisms of Heat Loss
Radiation - rom the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact (thru infrared rays) (The body gives off waves of heat from uncovered surfaces)
Regulation of Body Temperature
Shivering increases heat production.
Sweating is inhibited to decrease heat loss
Vasoconstriction decreases heat loss
Factors Affecting Body Temperature
Circadian Rhythms/Diurnal Variations
Age and Sex
Environmental Temperature
Stress
Factors Affecting Body Temperature
CircadianRhythm/DiurnalVariation (LOWEST temp is reached during sleep between from 4am to 6am early morning) (PEAK elevation of body temp occurs in late afternoon, between 4pm and 6pm)
Factors Affecting Body Temperature
Age & Sex - both the very young & very old are more sensitive to changes in environmental temperature • >75 years, are at risk of hypothermia (temperatures below 36°C, or 96.8°F) • Women tend to have more fluctuations in body temperature than men because of the increase in PROGESTERONE secretion during ovulation as much as 0.3°C to 0.6°C (½ - 1 degree °F)