Plays a leading reason in shaping human personality
Prevailing attitude
Of aggressiveness and drive to win or be superior
Society demand
For achievement & Success
Culture
Especially childhood experiences, plays a leading reason in shaping human personality
Cultural teachings
Of love and humility
Society demand
For achievement & Success
Society tells people
Are free & can accomplish anything with hard work and perseverance
Every time a goal has been reached, newones are determined continually
Freedom is restricted by genetics, social position, & competitiveness of others
Each person begins life with a potential for healthy development, but people need favorable conditions for growth
Basic Hostility
Happens if parents fail to meet needs for safety and satisfaction
Children seldom express rage overtly
They repress hostility towards parents and have no awareness of it
Instead, they develop into feelings of insecurity and sense of apprehension
Basic Anxiety
Feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world that is potentially hostile
Feeling of being small, insignificant, helpless, deserted, endangered, in a world that is out to abuse, cheat attack, humiliate, betray, and envy
BasicAnxiety can grow from basic humility but can also produce feelings of hostility
Defense Mechanisms: Protection against Basic Anxiety
Affection - some lead to authentic love, some to superficial love
Submissiveness - submit to other people or to institutions such as organizations or religion
Power, Prestige, and Possession - Power: defense against hostility / tend to dominate others, Prestige: defense against humiliation / tend to humiliate, Possession: defense against poverty / tend to deprive
Withdrawal - some develop independence; some become emotionally detached from others
Compulsive Drives
Neurotic trends and neurotic needs
MovingTowardPeople
The compliant personality
Basic Conflict: feeling of helplessness
Desperate striving for affection and approval
Seeking a powerful partner who will take responsibility for their lives
Moving Against People
The aggressive personality
Basic Conflict: Protectionagainsthostileworld
Exploiting and using others for own benefit
Seeking for power, prestige, and personal ambition
Driven by Hyper Competitiveness - exaggerated neurotic need to move against others
Moving Away From People
The detached personality
Basic Conflict: Feelings of Isolation
Fear of needing and associating with others
Putting emotional distance and expressing need for privacy and self-sufficiency
Intense need to be strong and powerful with self belief of perfection and hidden greatness is an attempt to combat Basic Anxiety
Basic Anxiety
Feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as hostile
Defenses which are more specific especially with neurotic individuals overlap and a single person may have more than one
Neurotic Needs
MovingTowards: Affection and Approval, Powerful Partner, Narrow limits to life
MovingAgainst: Power, Exploitation, Recognition and Prestige, Personal Admiration, Personal Achievement
MovingAway: Self-Sufficiency and Independence, Perfection and Unassailability
Feminine Psychology
Differences among men and women are not a result of anatomy but of social and cultural expectations
Recognized the existence of Oedipus Complex, but insisted it was due to environmental conditions
Denied Penis Envy - there is no anatomical reason why girls should be envious of penis and boys should desire womb
Agreed with Adler's Masculine Protest - there is a wish for qualities or privileges which are culturally accepted as masculine
Each sex has qualities/ attributes that the other admires
Believed in the change and development of personality across the lifespan
PsychosocialTheory
Ego emerges from and is largely shaped by culture
Epigenetic Principle
The ego grows as our organs do; developing sequentially, with certain changes arising at a particular time and with more recent developments built upon previous structures