physics paper 1

• define conduction

  process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles
• describe conduction process

  • as the particles are heated the particles vibrate and begin to collide and transfer energy to their kinetic stores
  • continues until its spread evenly within object
  • usually transferred to the thermal store of the surroundings/anything that touches object
• define convection


  energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
• where does convection occur

  liquids and gasses
• how does convection work?

  1. heat gas or liquid in a region and the particles will move faster
  2. space between particles will increase
  3. density of region will decrease because liquid and gasses can flow and warmer parts rise above cooler and denser parts
• how to create a convection current?

  use a constant heat source
• how do radiators create convection currents?

  1. they rely on creating convection currents in the air
  2. energy transferred to nearby air particles by conduction (they with the radiator collide )
  3. air by the radiator becomes warmer and less sense
  4. warm air rises above cool air (that is heat by the radiator )
  5. heated air also transfers energy to surroundings+
  6. it cools and becomes denser/sinks +cycle repeats
• how to reduce friction between motors and machines

  lubricants (oils)
• How to prevent heat loss in the house?

  1. double glazing
  2. cavity walls/insulation(reduce energy loss by convection)
  3. draught excluders (by convection)
  4. loft insulation (reduces energy loss by conduction and stops convection)
• what are the 8 energy stores?


  Chemical, Thermal, Nuclear, Gravitational, Elastic, Electrostatic, Magnetic, Kinetic
• 4 ways energy can be transferred?

  1. heating 2. electrically 3. Radiation 4. Mechanically
• how to investigate the effectiveness of insulators(energy transfers)?

  1. boil water and add into a saleable container. measure mass
  2. record initial temperature with the thermometer and leave for 5 mins
  3. when done measure final temperature
  4. pour water away and leave the can to cool and record the difference in temperature
  5. repeat with different insulating materials. make sure to keep the mass of the can/ water the same each time
• two mechanisms where energy is transferred by heating?

  Conduction, Convection
• How will lubricating a wheel make it go faster?

  less energy will be transferred to the thermal energy stores of the surrounding and more to the vehicles kinetic energy store
• how can results be reproducible?


  if someone else gets the same result using different equipment
• name 4 non renewable resources?


  Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear fuel.
• name the 7 renewable resources?


  Geo-thermal, bio-fuel, hydro-electric, tides, water waves, wind, solar
• The advantages and disadvantages of renewable resources?

  1. they will never run out
  2. they do less the environment less damage
  3. unreliable
• The advantages and disadvantages of non-renewable energy

  sources?

  1. reliable
  2. will run out
  3. all do damage to environment