Sustainability (2)

• Leakage


  Money that gets out of the local economy due to spending on imported goods, and remittances to their home countries by expatriate mangers
• Actual or Objective impacts


  Backed up by hard data
• Perceived or Subjective impacts


  Refer to the opinions of somebody concerning the effects of tourism
• Quantitative Impacts


  Impacts which can be measured and expressed in numerical form
• Qualitative Impacts


  Impacts that can only be observed and described
• Direct Tourism Impacts


  Immediate and flows from tourism to the receiver of impact without intervening persons, agencies, or industries
• Indirect Tourism Impacts


  Flows from tourism to the receiver of the impact through intervening persons, agencies, or industries
• Land degradation


  The temporary or permanent lowering of the productive capacity of land
• Litter


  Wastes that are not disposed of properly in designated areas
• By 2035, tourism's contribution to climate change will have grown considerably
• Water stress


  Water scarcity attributed partly to tourism-generated pollution, unregulated tourism development, and population growth and fluctuations during tourism high season
• Habitat fragmentation


  Frequently caused by humans when native vegetation is cleared from human activities, which include construction of theme parks, resorts, hotels, and airports
• Beach encroachment


  An impact that has been observed in Boracay where resort owners encroached on the beach, abetted by beach setbacks that got smaller and smaller over the years
• Species regeneration


  Infrastructure built for travel and tourism could actually be designed to enhance or create habitats for animals
• Direct effects


  Produced when tourists spend for accommodations, transportation, entertainment, and attractions
• Visitor exports


  Spending by international tourists in a country
• Indirect contribution


  Investments in tourism, government spending in tourism, and the effect of purchase from suppliers
• Induced effects


  Collective spending by direct and indirect employees of food and beverage, recreation, clothing, housing, and household goods
• Dynamic effects


  Longer-term macro-level effects, such as general enhancement of skills within the economy, provision of better social services, and infrastructure
• Multiplier effect


  The number of times tourism income is re-spent across sectors within the local economy
• Culture


  The set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of society or a social group, that encompasses, not only art and literature, but lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs
• Intangible cultural heritage


  Practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills—as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts, and cultural spaces associated therewith—that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognized as part of their cultural heritage
• Recreation


  An activity undertaken for pleasure or relaxation that diverts, amuses, or stimulates
• Gambling


  Also known as gaming in the tourism circle, consists of units engaged mainly in providing gambling services such as casinos, bookmaker betting facilities on racetracks, bingo, halls, video gaming terminals, lottery agencies, and off-track betting agencies
• Culture is diffused across countries by tourists, who act as agents of cultural change
• Tourism is also induced by films and TV series
• Commodification of culture


  The process where cultural elements are presented for the mass consumption of tourist
• Social displacement


  Outside investors buy prime property from the locals, sometimes forcing them to relocate because they sold their land to investors
• 2 different types of activity:

  Environmental management 

  Demand management

   
• Environmental management – Use environmental science and conservation biology to actively manage the allocation of natural resources. Taking into account the capacity of the ecosystem to absorb the impact of human activities.

   
• Demand management – Influence the demand for natural resources by leveraging green technology, government incentives and regulations, and promoting environmental awareness and an eco-friendly lifestyle.