BIO Q3

• Carbon dioxide and Water


  What is needed by plants to produce glucose and oxygen
• Glucose


  Product of photosynthesis composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
• Photosynthesis formula


  6CO2 + 6H2O= C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Nutrient


  Any substance required for the growth and maintenance of an organism
• Types of organisms based on mode of nutrition

  • Autotrophs
  • Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs


  Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their own food. Example: plants
• Heterotrophs


  Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organism. Example: fungi
• Macronutrients


  • Nitrogen
  • Potassium
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
• Nitrogen


  Needed for proper leaf growth and development. Deficiency may produce yellowing of older leaves or a general lightening of all the green parts of the plant, combined with a stunting of growth. Excess produces hypertrophy of foliage and suppresses fruit production.
• Potassium


  Traditionally added to the soil in the form of wood ash. The main intracellular cation is probably most important for maintaining the membrane potential of pant cells, and perhaps their turgidity as well (especially in the guard cells of the stomata). Deficiency produces general symptoms of poor health, which can include localized chlorosis (low chlorophyll content), or mottling of leaves with small spots of dead tissue at the tips and between the veins of lower leaves
• Phosphorus


  Essential for the production of such vital compounds as the nucleic acids and ATP. It is needed for flowering, fruiting, and root development. Deficiency results in small dark green leaves over the entire plant and the abnormal presence of red and purple colors in the leaves and stalks.
• Sulfur


  An essential component of protein because of its occurrence in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Deficiency produces chlorosis in new leaves and buds, usually without spotting, and poor root development.
• Calcium


  Deficiency results in abnormal growth and cell division, since it is an important component of the middle lamella of cell walls (along with pectin). Typically, the terminal bud dies, following a period of in which small leaves with dried-up tips are produced. It has a multitude of cellular functions in the plant body.
• Magnesium


  Required for the action of many enzymes and is needed also in the synthesis of chlorophyll, which contains it. Deficiency produces mottled chlorosis.
• Micronutrients


  • Iron
  • Boron
  • Zinc
  • Manganese
  • Chlorine
  • Molybdenum
  • Copper
• Iron


  Needed in several of the electron transport substances of the cell (ferredoxin, cytochromes), and in some other materials (e.g., phytochrome). It is also required for chlorophyll synthesis. Deficiency results in interveinal chlorosis characterized by yellowing of the leaf along the veins, that is confined to the youngest leaves.
• Boron


  Function is unknown. Deficiency results in abnormally dark foliage, growth abnormalities, and malformations. Root tip elongation also shows.
• Zinc


  Required for the production of amino acid tryptophan. Since auxins are derived from tryptophan, zinc is indirectly required for the production of auxins as well; it is also required as a cofactor for some of the DNA polymerase enzymes. Deficiency produces small leaves and stunted stems owing to short internodes. In excess, it is poisonous to plants.
• Manganese


  Required as a cofactor for enzymes in oxidative metabolism and in photosynthetic oxygen production. Deficiency produces a mottled, characteristic form of chlorotic leaf yellowing.
• Chlorine


  Probably required for ionic balance and maintenance of cellular membrane potentials, chlorine (in the form of chloride) is apparently also needed for oxygen production in photosynthesis. Deficiency results in very small leaves and slow growth. Leaves become wilted, chlorotic, or even necrotic and may eventually become bronze-colored.
• Molybdenum


  Needed as part of the denitrifying and nitrogen-fixing enzymes of microorganisms. Molybdenum is also needed by the nitrate reductase enzyme present in most plant roots. Plants must utilize this enzyme if they are to employ nitrate as a nitrogen source. However, plants that absorb ammonia as a nitrogen source do not need it. Low productivity was related to molybdenum deficiency.
• Copper


  A component of some enzymes and cytochromes. Deficiency results in a lowered rate of protein synthesis and sometimes in chlorosis. Deficiency in young leaves may be dark green and twisted, with dead spots.
• Root hairs


  Slender extensions of specialized epidermal cells that greatly increase the surface area available for absorption.
• Root nodules


  Localized swellings in roots of certain plants where bacterial cells exist symbiotically with the plant. The bacteria help the plant fix nitrogen and in turn, the bacteria are able to utilize some organic compounds provided by the plant.
• Mycorrhizae


  A symbiotic interaction between a young root and a fungus. The fungus obtains sugars and nitrogen-containing compounds from root cells while the plant is able to get some scarce minerals that the fungus is better able to absorb from the soil.
• Symplast route


  Through plasmodesmata
• Apoplast route


  Along cell walls