STEM 1st SEMESTER

• Earth Science

  Branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere
• There was nothing, but a single point made of pure energy called singularity

  13.8 BILLION YEARS AGO
• Singularity

  • Unimaginably small
  • Infinite density
  • Extremely hot
• Georges Lemaitre and Alexander Friedman

  • Theorized that the singularity after its initial appearance, it inflated and expanded
• Pure energy

  Any field energy, like potential energy, any kinetic energy, like a fast moving particle, but no mass energy of stable or nearly stable massive particles which would require a process to turn into work
• Matter

  Something that creates
• Anti-matter

  Something that destroys
• When matter and anti-matter attract each other, there were 1 billion of matter were left, which protons and neutrons were formed
• Protons

  Stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign
• Neutrons

  Subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen
• Four (4) fundamental forces of nature

  • Gravitational force
  • Strong nuclear force
  • Electromagnetic force
  • Weak nuclear force
• Gravitational force

  • Attractive force that exists between all objects
  • Weakest of the 4 forces
• Strong nuclear force

  • Force of very short range that holds the particles in the nucleus together
  • Strongest of the 4 forces
• Electromagnetic force

  • Force due to electric charges, both static and moving
  • Second strongest of the forces
• Weak nuclear force

  • Involved in the radioactive decay of some nuclei
  • Actually a form of the electromagnetic force
• Stars

  • Considered as element manufacturer
  • Elements are formed inside the star's core
  • Composed of 75% hydrogen (H) and 25% helium (He)
  • Stars aged as they form heavier until they eventually die
• Supernova

  When stars explode scattering matter in space
• Nebula gas

  Interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium, and other ionized gases
• Accretion

  1. Particles accumulated at the middle part

  2. As it was spinning, the materials fall into the middle

  3. It is cooler at the outer part of the disk, making possible for materials to attract each other

  4. Materials start clumping together forming planetesimal

  5. At the center, all materials accumulated forming a protostar

  6. A star was born and later became the sun

  
• Oort cloud

  Theoretical cloud of predominantly icy planetesimals proposed to surround the sun
• Solar system

  The collection of 8 planets and their moons in orbit around the Sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets

  
• Planet

  Celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star

  
• Two (2) division of planets in the solar system

  • Inner planets
  • Outer planets

  
• Four (4) inner planets (in order of distance from the sun, closest to furthest)

  • Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars

  
• Mercury

  • Smallest planet in the Solar System
  • Closest planet to the Sun, but not the hottest
  • Has the shortest year and longest day
  • The Sun moves backwards for a while every day

  
• Venus

  • Closest planet to Earth, in distance and in size
  • Hottest planet in the Solar System
  • Rotates in the wrong direction
  • The slowest rotating planet, but does not have the longest day

  
• Earth

  • Largest of the inner planets
  • Densest planet in the Solar System
  • Only planet known to support life
• Mars

  • Half of diameter of Earth
  • Last and coldest of the inner planets
  • Has 2 tiny moons
  • After Earth, the most explored planet in the Solar System

  
• Four (4) outer planets (in order of distance from the sun, closest to furthest)

  • Jupiter
  • Saturn
  • Uranus
  • Neptune

  
• Jupiter

  • Largest planet in the Solar System
  • Has the shortest day of any planet
  • Has the most moons, specifically 79
  • Has the largest moon which is Ganymede which is bigger than Mercury

  
• Saturn

  • Second largest planet in the Solar System
  • Most extensive ring system of any planet
  • Rings less than 1 km thick, but thousands of km wide
  • Has a great white storm which reoccurs every Saturnian year
• Uranus

  • First planet to be discovered
  • Has at least 13 rings all of which are darker than Saturn
  • Spins on its side
  • Only ever visited once in the year 1986