Final revision

• Sunlight


  A portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, including infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light
• Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun
• Sunlight intensity


  The global average range is 164 watts to 340 watts per square meter over a 24-hour day
• Role of sunlight in photosynthesis

  Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis, where light energy is converted to chemical energy
• Health effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight

  Necessary for vitamin D3 synthesis but can also act as a mutagen
• Natural resources


  Resources drawn from nature and used with few modifications
• Classifications of natural resources

  • Source of origin
  • Stages of development
  • Renewability
  • Ownership
• Abiotic natural resources


  Resources originating from non-living and inorganic material
• Potential resources


  Resources known to exist but not utilized yet, like petroleum in sedimentary rocks
• Renewable resources


  Resources replenished naturally and can be restored by natural processes, like solar energy and wind
• Non-renewable resources


  • Minerals, which cannot be easily renewed once extracted
• Stocks (natural resources)


  Resources surveyed but unusable due to lack of technology, like hydrogen vehicles
• Actual resources


  Quantified resources currently being used, such as wood processing
• Reserves (natural resources)


  Part of an actual resource that can be developed profitably in the future
• When consumption rate exceeds the replenishment rate, a resource becomes non-renewable, like fossil fuels taking millions of years to replenish
• Individual resources


  Resources owned by individuals
• Community resources


  Resources accessible to all members of a community
• International resources


  Resources regulated by international organizations, like international waters
• National resources


  • Minerals, forests, wildlife, belonging to the nation
• Air


  The Earth's atmosphere
• Air is used to create technology like aircraft with propellers
• Air pollution can cause smog and acid rain
• Composition of Earth's atmosphere

  A mixture of about 78% nitrogen
• Air pollution


  Air can be polluted by carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
• Land


  The solid terrestrial surface not submerged by ocean or water body
• Soil


  A mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms
• Land makes up 29% of Earth's surface
• Soil formation


  Soil is formed under the influence of climate, terrain, organisms, and parent materials over thousands of years through weathering and erosion
• States of water


  Water exists as a solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor)
• Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface
• Mineral


  A solid substance with a well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure
• Seas and oceans contain 96.5 of water, groundwater 1.7, glaciers and ice caps 1.7, and air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation 0.001
• Characteristics of metals


  Can conduct electricity and heat, be shaped easily, have a shiny appearance, and a high melting point
• Air has been used to create technology like ships with sails, windmills, aircraft with propellers, and pneumatic systems
• Air pollution can cause smog, acid rain, global warming, and damage to health
• Aquaculture


  Farming aquatic organisms for human consumption, either directly or indirectly
• Fisheries


  The study of fish stocks to maintain sustainability and achieve the best yield
• Categories of aquaculture based on water type


  • Saline water
  • Fresh water
• Types of natural fisheries

  • Inland fisheries
  • Marine fisheries
• Do not fish from 'protected' or 'reserved' areas in the sea