CR-summary

• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
• ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates during the energy investment phase.
• ATP is used to transfer energy to cellular processes.

  ATP production adds an inorganic phosphate compound to ADP.

  Energy is released when ATP is broken down to ADP.
• Phosphorylation is an enzyme controlled process which adds a phosphate group to a molecule.( to produce energy).
• Phosphate and energy are transferred from molecule of ATP to a molecule of reactant to make it more reactive.
• Pi from ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose and some intermediates during the energy investment phase.
• Energy payoff stage-4 molecules of ATP are produced from 36 ATP molecules.
• Overall 2 ATP is used to produce 4ATP.
• There is an overall net gain of 2ATP.
• • Hydrogen ions and high energy electrons are released from glucose by dehydrogenase enzymes.
  • H+ and electrons bind to coenzyme(not a protein but assists in the function of a protein) NAD and act as a hydrogen acceptor and carrier.
  • When H+ and electrons are attached NAD becomes NADH.
  • Occurs in both glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

  
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria. State how the structure allows reaction to take place?


  The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded to create a large surface area for reactions to take place.

  If oxygen is present after glycolysis pyruvate diffuses into the matrix.
• Citric acid cycle

  1. occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
  2. pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme a under aerobic conditions losing CO2.
  3. Acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
  4. Enzyme controlled.
  5. under a series of enzyme controlled processes citrate is converted to oxaloacetate. CO2 is released.
  6. ATP is produced.
  7. Dehydrogenase removes H+ ions and electrons .
  8. NAD becomes NADH.
  9. NAD transports H+ and electrons to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane.