READING AND WRITING

• Hypertext


  Refers to the structure of texts that are interconnected through links or nodes, allowing the reader to jump from one text to another with a single click
• Hypertext


  A form of text that is displayed on a computer screen and is typically linked to other documents
• Intertext


  Refers to the relationships between texts that are not necessarily interconnected through links, but rather through references, allusions, citations, or other forms of intertextual exchange
• Intertext


  A form of text that is used to express ideas and meanings through the use of references and metaphors
• Evaluative statement


  A way of giving a better explanation to show the strength and the weaknesses of something through writing
• Evaluative statement


  Presents a value judgement based on a set of criteria
• Evaluative statement


  Used in giving a sound judgment- a judgment that can be backed up or supported by valid reasons or proofs
• Evaluative statement


  The writer's way of explaining why a strength is a strength and a weakness a weakness based on the evidences gathered
• How to Formulate an Evaluative Statement

  1. Formulating assertions about the content and the properties of a text read

  2. Formulating a meaningful counterclaim in response to a claim made in the text read
• Claims of Policy


  Are all about what should be, they say that a particular situation should arise, they prescribe a particular course of action that would lead to a condition, they are usually made in relation to solving societal problems
• Claims of Value

  Evaluative statements about what is better, more important, more desirable, more needed, or more useful. They may also relate to what is good or bad.
• Claims of Fact


  Statements that can be verified, no matter how difficult. They are not dependent merely on a person's preference, but can be true or false. Claims of fact talk about what is or what is not.
• Claims


  Statements that are not considered accepted by all. A claim may be unverified or controversial to a certain degree. It is usually related to one side of an issue. If so, the claim is also called a position.
• Explicit claims


  Claims that are actually said in the text. They are obvious, apparent, and directly stated in the text.
• Implicit claims


  Claims that need to be inferred from a text. They are not expressed clearly or only suggested. These claims are not accessible unless one applies inferential comprehension.
• Drafting


  Write a rough draft, do not pressure yourself too much, expect to refine or delete ideas afterward, refer to thesis statement
• Revising


  Evaluate or review what you have written, rework your paper, edit and proofread your paper, pay careful attention to your ideas, expound on inadequately discussed ideas
• Writing the Final Draft

  Incorporate all revisions, rewrite your paper, integrate changes, ensure paper is free from errors
• Publishing the Manuscript

  Share your paper with others, read your paper before an audience, publish your paper online or in a book, journal, or periodical
• Writing Process


  The essential stages or steps one needs to undergo to produce a well-thought-out and well-crafted written output
• Prewriting


  The planning stage, brainstorming on ideas for possible topics, clarifying purpose for writing, capitalizing on interests, using various strategies to arrive at the best topic
• Context


  The situation where professional writing is performed, including the people involved, their relationship, time, place, and possible interferences
• Message

  The content of the document, including the main topic and the details that support it, such as facts, statistics, testimonies, and observations
• Language


  The channel used to convey the message, which can be visual or textual, formal or informal, verbal and nonverbal, following standard form and usage
• Purpose


  The reason or motive for communicating, which helps determine the reactions you want to elicit from your target audience
• Audience


  The receiver of the message, which can be primary (the direct receiver) or secondary (the indirect receiver)
• Product


  The output that you intend to produce after considering all the other components
• Professional Writing


  Any type of written communication done specifically in a professional context, often in business and technical writing, with the main purpose of informing and persuading readers, using business English and a more personal tone
• General Tips in Writing Professional Texts

  • Follow the basics of the writing process
  • Be clear with your purpose and target reader
  • Consider the context of writing the document
  • Organize your ideas using cohesive devices
  • Avoid wordiness and redundancies; be direct to the point
  • Be objective and factual with your message
  • Use brainstorming strategies
  • Edit, edit, edit, eliminate all grammatical and typographical errors
  • Anticipate the readers' beliefs, values, motivations, and possible objections
  • Adjust your language based on your relationship with the receiver of the document
  • Study the format used by your organization and incorporate it in your writing
  • Avoid excessive font effects
  • Be consistent with the type of English you use
• The Philippines has many tourist spot

  Explicit
• My Father has been complaining of an off and on blood pressure

  Explicit
• Many tourist enjoy coming to our country

  Implicit
• I believe he needs immediate doctors treatment

  Implicit