Science

• Agents of change on Earth

  • Wind
  • Water
  • Ice
  • Volcanic activities
  • Earthquakes
• Earth


  • Dynamic and ever-changing planet
• Crust


  Solid thin layer found on the surface of the earth
• Lithosphere


  • Rocky rigid layer, made up of several large and small plates, movements often accompanied by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
• Asthenosphere


  Viscous layer below the lithosphere
• Earthquake


  Shaking or trembling of the ground, results from the movement of the plates when rocks along a fault line slip
• Types of Earthquake

  • Volcanic earthquake
  • Tectonic earthquake
• Volcanic earthquake


  Happens with a strong volcanic eruption
• Tectonic earthquake


  Caused by the movement of the Earth's crust, may occur above the ground or beneath the ocean
• Magnitude


  Refers to the amount of energy released by an earthquake from its focus
• Focus


  Break in the ground caused by the pressure of the moving rocks, where the earthquake originates
• Epicenter


  The ground above the focus
• Richter Scale


  Used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake, developed by Charles F. Richter
• Intensity


  Refers to the effects of the earthquake as shown in the destruction of buildings, crops, and the number of casualties
• PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale


  Used in the Philippines to measure the earthquake's intensity
• The Philippines is prone to earthquakes because it is located in the Circumpacific Belt or the Pacific Ring of Fire, where crustal plates are weak
• Volcano


  An opening in the earth's crust where molten rock, ashes, and gaseous materials are focused out
• The crater is opening of the volcano where pyroclastic materials flow out
• Some Volcanoes found in the Philippines

  • MAYON VOLCANO IN ALBAY
  • TAAL VOLCANO IN BATANGAS
  • Mt. BULUSAN IN SORSOGON
  • MT. PINATUBO IN PAMPANGA
• Volcanic eruptions can cause damage to plants, animals, people, and property
• Materials released by a volcano can have beneficial effects in nature
• 
  

  a lahar is a very hot lava flow that can burn anything in its path
• Mudflow or lahar


  Can cause landslides, flooding, and immense damage to buildings and farms
• Volcanic ash and dust


  Can irritate the lungs and cause health problems to people
• Very strong eruptions can also trigger earthquakes
• Mt. Pinatubo Eruption


  1991
• Many places around Mt. Pinatubo were covered with ashes, even nearby provinces were affected, and most of their land could not be used for planting crops for a long time
• Benefits of volcanic eruptions

  • The pyroclastic materials can make the soil fertile
  • The heat inside the volcano can cause gases to come out through holes or vents called FUMAROLES, which can provide geothermal steam to generate electricity
  • Eruptions can produce industrial materials like pumice and sulfur
  • The rocks from volcanoes help scientists study the interior of the earth
• The layers of the earth are the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core
• The lithosphere consists of the crust and the upper mantle
• The crust consists of the oceanic and continental
• The outer core is the only layer of the earth that is a liquid
• Seasonal changes affect people's health
• Cold Dry Season


  Ailments such as influenza, colds, cough, and asthma are some of health problems may be triggered or worsened by cold season
• Hot Dry Season


  • People become susceptible to heat stroke and dehydration
  • Too much heat may also cause heat exhaustion, skin diseases, sunburn, and sore eyes
• Seasonal changes affect people's livelihood
• Dry Season


  Low amount of rainfall and high air temperature
• Appropriate activities during Dry Season


  1. Go to the beach to swim and enjoy

  2. Travelling to places like Baguio and Tagaytay to enjoy the cold

  3. Have a picnic in the park
• When on the beach don't forget to apply sunscreen, wear protective suit, and drink plenty of water to keep your body safe and hydrated
• Eat food rich in vitamin C to strengthen your body's immune system this is to prevent you from acquiring cold weather-related diseases