micp long quiz

• Staphylococcus aureus


  Gram-positive bacteria that grows in grape-like clusters, exhibits large, spherical, golden-yellow colonies, causes direct tissue invasion and destruction, and produces harmful enzymes and toxins
• Clinical findings of Staphylococcus aureus infections

  • Folliculitis
  • Furuncle
  • Carbuncle
  • Stye or Hordeolum
  • Impetigo
  • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS / Ritter's disease)
• Staphylococcus epidermidis

  Normal skin flora often associated with "stitch abscess", UTI, and endocarditis, and can induce infections in prosthetic users
• Streptococcus pyogenes


  Gram-positive, group A beta-hemolytic cocci that causes complete blood hemolysis, with M protein as the main virulence factor
• Clinical findings of Streptococcus pyogenes infections

  • Pyoderma (impetigo)
  • Erysipelas (St. Anthony's fire)
  • Cellulitis
  • Necrotizing fasciitis
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa


  Gram-negative bacteria in pairs, encapsulated, creates water-soluble pyocyanin and resists most antibiotics, causes hospital nosocomial infections by colonising damaged skin and transmitting adhesins, poisons, and enzymes
• Clinical findings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections

  • Blue-green pus; sweet grape-like odor
  • Folliculitis
  • Secondary infection to acne and nail infection
  • Osteochondritis
  • Ocular keratitis in contact lens wearers, endocarditis and osteomyelitis in IV drug users; external otitis (swimmer's ear) in healthy people, and severe external otitis in diabetics
• Clostridium perfringens

  Anaerobic gram-positive bacillus that produces endospores and four deadly toxins: alpha, beta, iota, and epsilon, with alpha being the most deadly due to extensive hemolysis, hemorrhage, and tissue destruction, transmitted by skin colonization after trauma or surgery
• Bacillus anthracis


  "Medusa head" in appearance, with endospores that can survive in soil for 60 years, and two exotoxins (edema toxin and lethal toxin) that make it more dangerous, causes three forms of anthrax: cutaneous, inhalational (pulmonary), and gastrointestinal
• Bacteria are generally associated with many types of ocular infections, and if left untreated, can harm the structures of the eye, resulting in blindness and visual impairment
• Conjunctivitis


  Inflammation/infection of the conjunctiva
• Keratitis


  Inflammation/infection of the cornea
• Keratoconjunctivitis


  Inflammation/infection of the conjunctiva and cornea
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis ("Pinkeye")


  Symptoms include conjunctival irritation, reddening, eyelid edema, mucopurulent discharge, light sensitivity, and contagiousness, caused by pathogens like Haemophilus influenzae subsp. aegyptius, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrheae
• Chlamydia trachomatis


  Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogen with a high-lipid cell, sulfonamide-sensitive, associated with conjunctivitis, inclusion conjunctivitis, and trachoma
• Trachoma


  Chronic keratoconjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A, B, and C, which disseminate through droplets, fomites, and eye-seeking flies in poor living conditions
• Neisseria gonorrheae


  Gram-negative, kidney-shaped diplococcus spread by finger-to-eye contact in adults, causing neonatal "ophthalmia neonatorum" from birth canal transit
• Haemophilus aegyptius

  Gram-negative, piliated, long slender rod-shaped bacteria that causes severe, pus-filled conjunctivitis, also known as the Koch-Weeks bacillus
• Streptococcus pneumoniae


  Causes most pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and meningitis
• Foodborne diseases

  • Gastritis
  • Enteritis
  • Colitis
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Hepatitis
  • Dysentery
• Mechanisms of infectious disease establishment in the digestive system

  • Pharmacologic action
  • Local inflammation
  • Deep tissue invasion
  • Perforation
• Causes of food poisoning (bacterial enterocolitis)

  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Vibrio parahemolyticus
  • Bacillus cereus
• Mechanisms of food poisoning

  • Ingestion of preformed toxin
  • Infection of toxigenic organisms
  • Infection by enteroinvasive organism
• Causes of gastroenteritis (diarrhea)

  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Yersinia enterocolitica
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium difficile
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Escherichia coli
• Dental caries (tooth decay)


  Caused by Streptococcus mutans
• Types of periodontal disease

  • Gingivitis
  • Periodontitis - chronic gum disease can cause bone destruction & tooth loss
  • Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or Vincent's disease or Trench mouth
• Prevotella intermedia


  Causative agent of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or Vincent's disease or Trench mouth, treated with Metronidazole
• Helicobacter pylori


  Gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacteria that commonly attacks the stomach lining and can lead to stomach cancer if left untreated, usually transmitted person-to-person
• Meningeal Infection


  An infection of the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges
• Staph Infection


  An infection caused by any one of several harmful species or subspecies of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus
• Urogenital Disease

  Disease of the organs involved in the excretion of fluids and reproduction
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)


  Often occurring illnesses that result from the entry of pathogens, typically originating from the skin or rectum, into the urethra and subsequently infecting the urinary tract
• Common bacteria causing UTIs

  • Escherichia coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Proteus mirabilis
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
• Cystitis


  Bladder infection, the most prevalent form of urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Pyelonephritis


  A distinct form of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects the kidneys
• Risk factors for cystitis

  • Female gender
  • History of urinary tract infection (UTI)
  • Engagement in sexual activity
  • Vaginal infection
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Genetic susceptibility
• Factors that complicate UTIs

  • Urinary obstruction
  • Neurological disease-induced urinary retention
  • Immunosuppression
  • Renal failure
  • Renal transplantation
  • Pregnancy
  • Foreign bodies like calculi, indwelling catheters, or other drainage devices
• Sexually Transmitted Illnesses


  Transmission of an organism between sexual partners through oral, anal, or vaginal contact, putting people at risk, and can be prevented with education and barriers
• Common bacteria causing sexually transmitted illnesses

  • Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis (Lymphogranuloma venereum)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)
  • Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
• Sexually transmitted illnesses can present in ulcerative, granulomatous, or as wart lesions or as abnormal urethral discharges