Psychopathology

• What is deviation from social norms?


  Abnormality defined as actions that differ from social norms
• What is a downside of deviation from social norms?


  Social norms change dependant on the time and culture
• What is statistical infrequency?


  Abnormality is described as things that are rare
• What is a downside of statistical infrequency?


  Not all rare behavior is abnormal
• What is failure to function adequality?


  Abnormality is based on how well an individual can carry out their daily life
• What is the criteria for failure to function adequality?

  Personal distress, maladaptive behavior, observer behavior and unpredictable behavior
• What is deviation from ideal mental health?


  Abnormality is based on how well an individual meets a criteria
• What is the criteria for deviation from ideal mental health?

  Positive act towards self, self actualisation, autonomy, resistance to stress, environmental mastery and accurate perception of reality
• What are some of the behavioral characteristics of depression?


  Insomnia, appetite changes and social withdrawal
• What are some of the cognitive characteristics of depression?


  Slower thought processes and constant negative beliefs
• What are some of the behavioral characteristics of phobias?


  Avoiding feared stimulus, etc...
• What are some of the emotional characteristics of phobias?


  Anxiety and dread
• What are some of the cognitive characteristics of phobias?


  Irrational beliefs of stimulus
• What are some of the behavioral characteristics of OCD?


  Repetitive behavior and metal repetitions
• What are some of the emotional characteristics of OCD?


  Disgust, anxiety and embarrassment
• What are some of the cognitive characteristics of OCD?


  Intrusive thoughts, obsessional ideas and uncontrollable thoughts
• Define the term phobia?

  A mental disorder that is characterised by fear and anxiety of a stimulus
• Who proposed the two process model?


  Mowrer
• What is the two process model?


  Argues that phobias are first learnt via association and then maintained via reinforcement
• What is the systematic desensitisation?


  When the patient is gradually exposed to their feared stimulus
• What is flooding?


  When the patient is exposed to their feared stimulus at a maximum intensity
• What is a disadvantage of systematic desensitisation?


  It requires patient commitment and is slightly expensive
• What is Beck's negative triad?


  Depressed people have negative views of themselves, the world and the future
• What does Ellis's ABC stand for?

  Activating event, beliefs and consequence
• What does Ellis argue rational beliefs lead to?

  adaptive consequences
• What does Ellis argue irrational beliefs lead to?

  Maladaptive consequences
• What questionnaire was used to measure irrational beliefs?

  The automatic thoughts questionnaire
• What did automatic thought questionnaire show?

  Depressed patients scored significantly higher than other groups
• What is cognitive behavioural therapy?


  A combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy
• What is the aim of CBT?

  To challenge irrational beliefs and faulty cognitions
• What is an argument for the use of CBT?

  In a study pps who used CBT had lower relapse rates than those who used drug therapy
• What is an argument against using just CBT to treat depression?

  CBT is more effective when used in a combination with drug therapy
• What was found from twin studies about OCD?


  Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate then dizygotic twins
• What statistic supports the genetic argument of OCD?

  10% of people with an immediate relative with OCD suffered from OCD as well
• What is the COMT gene in terms of genetic factors of OCD?


  It is involved with dopamine production but this gene in commonly missing in OCD patients
• What is the SERT gene in terms of genetic factors of OCD?


  It is involved serotonin transportation and can lead to low levels of serotonin and has been found in families where members have OCD
• What is the biochemical factor argument for OCD?


  OCD occurs because of low serotonin levels
• How can SSRI's affect OCD?


  They increase levels of serotonin in the brain and reduce symptoms
• What is the disadvantage of using tricyclics to treat OCD?


  They have more severe side effects than SSRI's
• Give an example of a anti-anxiety drug?

  Benzodiazepine