Developmental disorders

• What are childhood disorders often labeled as?

  Developmental disorders or learning disorders
• When are childhood disorders typically diagnosed?

  When the child is of school-age
• What is required for a disorder's symptoms to be diagnosed?

  The symptoms must have first appeared in childhood
• What areas will be unpacked regarding psychological implications?

  • Mind (cognitive, intellectual, attention)
  • Sense of self
  • Emotion
  • Social (interpersonal relations)
  • Behaviour
• What are some examples of neurodevelopmental disorders?

  Intellectual Disabilities, Communication Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, Specific Learning Disorder
• When do neurodevelopmental disorders typically manifest?

  Early in development, often before grade school
• What characterizes neurodevelopmental disorders?

  Developmental deficits that produce impairments in functioning
• How do developmental deficits vary in neurodevelopmental disorders?

  From specific limitations to global impairments
• What are the two areas of deficits in Intellectual Disabilities?

  General mental abilities and adaptive functioning
• What does adaptive functioning refer to in Intellectual Disabilities?

  Meeting standards of personal independence and social responsibility
• How is the delay in Intellectual Disabilities specified?

  As mild, moderate, profound, or global delay
• What are the levels of intellectual disability and their characteristics?

  • Mild: Engages socially, achieves academically up to grade 8-10, concrete problem-solving.
  • Moderate: Needs assistance, may misinterpret social cues, engages meaningfully.
  • Severe: Limited understanding of concepts, language is limited, assists with daily tasks.
  • Profound: Dependent on others for care, non-verbal communication.
• What should be assessed in Nina's story regarding her intellectual capacity?

  Her reasoning, activities she enjoys, social interactions, and daily living skills
• What psychological implications are associated with the mind in individuals with ID?

  They engage on a concrete level and may misinterpret emotional cues
• How do individuals with mild ID perceive their sense of self?

  They may know they are different but have simplistic explanations
• What emotional challenges do individuals with mild ID face?

  Frustration due to limitations compared to others
• Why are friendships important for individuals with ID?

  They find it easier to mix with people of similar intellectual ability
• How should health professionals deal with individuals with ID?

  Use simple language, be patient, and break tasks into smaller steps
• What are the components of communication disorders?

  Deficits in speech, language, and communication
• What are the types of communication disorders?

  • Language Disorder: Difficulties in language acquisition and use.
  • Speech Sound Disorder: Difficulty with speech sound production.
  • Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder: Stuttering and fluency issues.
  • Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder: Difficulties in social use of communication.
• How should one communicate with a person experiencing communication disorders?

  Articulate words clearly, use signs, and write down instructions if necessary
• What are the diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

  Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted patterns of behavior
• What is one of the early features of ASD?

  Impaired joint attention
• What does severity in ASD depend on?

  Social communication impairments and restricted patterns of behavior
• What are the manifestations of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior in ASD?

  • Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements
  • Insistence on sameness and inflexible adherence to routines
  • Highly restricted, fixated interests
  • Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input
• How do individuals with severe autism typically behave socially?

  They often battle in social interactions and may be locked in their own worlds
• What is the essential feature of ADHD?

  A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
• How does inattention manifest in ADHD?

  As wandering off task, lacking persistence, and being disorganized
• What does hyperactivity refer to in ADHD?

  Excessive motor activity when it is not appropriate
• What does impulsivity refer to in ADHD?

  Hasty actions that occur without forethought
• Where must manifestations of ADHD be present?

  In more than one setting, such as home and school
• What type of disorder is ADHD classified as?

  Neurodevelopmental Disorder
• How does inattention manifest behaviorally in ADHD?

  It manifests as wandering off task, lacking persistence, difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized.
• What does hyperactivity refer to in ADHD?

  Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity when it is not appropriate, such as running about or excessive fidgeting.
• How may hyperactivity manifest in adults with ADHD?

  In adults, hyperactivity may manifest as extreme restlessness or wearing others out with their activity.
• What does impulsivity refer to in ADHD?

  Impulsivity refers to hasty actions that occur without forethought and have high potential for harm.
• In how many settings must manifestations of ADHD be present for a diagnosis?

  Manifestations must be present in more than one setting, such as home and school.
• What factors can minimize signs of ADHD symptoms?

  Signs may be minimal when receiving frequent rewards, under close supervision, in novel settings, or engaged in interesting activities.
• When does ADHD typically begin?

  ADHD begins in childhood.
• What is the requirement for ADHD symptoms regarding age?

  Several symptoms must be present before age 12 years.