Biology 1

• Health definition 


  The state of physical and mental wellbeing
• Factors that affect health


  Diseases, diet, stress and life situations
• Protien is broken down by protease into amino acids
• Protease is made in the Small intestines, Pancreas and stomach
• Carbohydrate is broken down by amylase/carbohydrase into sugars
• Amylase/Carbohydrase is made in the Small intestines, Pancreas and salivary gland
• Fats are broken down by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids
• Lipase is made in the small intestines and pancreas
• Starch food test


  Add iodien to spoting tile

  Orange to blue/black
• Protien food test


  Add biuret a+b

  Turns purple
• Sugars food test


  Add benidicts and heat in water bath

  Green/Yellow/Orange/Brick red
• Lipids/fats food test


  Add ethanol then shake

  Turns cloudy/milky
• Right side of heart


  V - Vena cava

  A - Right atrium

  V - Right ventricle

  A - Pulmonary artery
• Does the right side of the heart have oxygen

  No
• Left side of the heart


  V - Pulmonary Vein

  A - Left atrium

  V - Left ventricle

  A - Aorta
• Does the left side of the heart have oxygen

  Yes
• Arteries


  Job : Carry blood away from the heart

  Walls : Thick, Muscular, Elastic (small lumen)

  Structure and function : Thick walls to carry blood under high pressure
• Capillaries


  Job : Substance diffuse in and out of blood

  Walls : One cell thick

  Structure and function : Thin walls/short diffusion pathway for fast diffusion between blood and tissue
• Veins


  Job : Carry blood in to the heart

  Walls : Thin (large lumen)

  Structure and function : Have valves to prevent the blood flowing backwards
• Cancer defintion


  Uncontrolled cell division
• Communicable diseases definition 


  Contagious and coursed by pathogens
• Bacteria make you ill by …

  Multiplying rapidly and releasing toxins
• Viruses make you ill by …

  Multiplying rapidly inside body cells and killing them
• Primary barriers against pathogens

  • Skin is a barrier
  • Hairs and mucus in nose to trap them
  • Trachea and bronchi have mucus and cilia to push it out
• HIV

  • Virus
  • Use condom
  • Initially flu like symptoms then it attacks immune system
  • Can become AIDS
• Measles

  • Virus
  • Vaccination
  • Fever and red rash
  • Can be fatal
• Tobacco mosaic virus

  • Virus
  • Remove infected leaves
  • Reduces photosynthesis
• Salmonella

  • Bacteria
  • Use good hygiene when cooking
  • Fever and vomiting and diarrhoea
• Gonorrhoea

  • Bacteria
  • Use a condom
  • Yellow or green discharge
• Rose black spot

  • Fungus
  • Use fungicide and remove infected leaves
  • Reduces photosynthesis
  • Spread by wind and water
• Malaria

  • Protist
  • Prevent mosquito bites
  • Fever and can be fatal
• Phagocytosis 


  White blood cell engulfs and digests bacteria
• Antibodies 


  White blood cells release them (they are specific) and they attach to an antigen
• Antitoxins 


  White blood cells that neutralise toxins
• Drug testing stages

  1. Tests on computers -> cells and tissues -> animals
  2. Testing on healthy volunteers with low dosage to find side effects
  3. Clinical trials test on real patients to find the dose
  4. Double blind trials
• Efficacy

  Does it work ?
• Toxicity 


  Side effects ?