chapter 2 pr1

• Literature Review


  Provides an overview of what has been written about a specific topic
• Related Literature


  • Review of the literature involves the systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem
  • It is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journal articles, reports, abstracts and other reference materials, including electronic sources about the problem under investigation
  • It is composed of discussion of facts and principles to which the present study is related
• Sources of Related Literature


  • Journal articles
  • Monographs
  • Computerized databases
  • Conference proceedings
  • Theses and dissertations
  • Empirical studies
  • Government reports and reports from other bodies
  • Historical records
  • Statistical handbooks
• Related Studies


  Studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity
• Classification of Related Studies


  • Local
  • Foreign
• Information that may be collected from various sources


  • Background information about the problem and related concepts
  • Theories that explain the existence of the problem and the possible connection between certain factors and the problem
  • Data that confirm the existence and seriousness of the problem
  • General and specific findings of studies related to the problem
  • Recommendations for further study given in related studies
• Need for a Review of Literature and Studies


  • It helps the researcher identify and define a research problem
  • It helps justify the need for studying a problem
  • It helps prevent unnecessary duplication of a study
  • It can be a source of theoretical basis for the study
  • It enables the researcher to learn how to conceptualize a research problem and properly identify and operationally define study variables
  • It provides a basis for identifying and using appropriate research design
  • Result of related studies provide lessons for data analysis and interpretation
• Functions, Purposes and Importance of Review


  • It links the study to any underlying assumptions and theories related to the initial research question
  • It determines what has been done already
  • It provides insights necessary to develop a logical framework into which topic fits
  • It provides the rationale for the hypotheses being investigated and the justification of the significance of the study
  • It identifies potentially useful methodological strategies
  • It facilitates the interpretation of the results
• Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies


  • The surveyed materials must be recent as possible
  • Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
  • Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
  • Reviewed materials must not be too few nor too many
  • Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable
• Phrases and expressions that help express related literature and studies

  • In 2005, Dizon stresses that...
  • Gay (2000) said that ...
  • Fox (2003) suggested that ...
  • Gates (2001) pointed out that ...
  • Flanders system focused ...
  • Ballack, et.al proposed that ...
• Related Literature

  • In a paper presented by Little, she indicated that the quality of learning and teaching is a function of many factors, including the organization of learners, the distribution of teachers, the structure and quality of curricula, the quality and quantity of learning and teaching materials, the content and quality of teacher preparatory systems, the structure, content and quality of assessment systems.
• Related Studies

  • Acosta investigated the training needs of the academic personnel of AMA Computer College in Region V. Findings showed that a moderate need for training was expressed by the academic personnel in the tri-fold functions of instruction research and extension service in order to upgrade their knowledge and skills on the tri-fold function, research and extension service. She also found out that most of the respondents are open to the idea of transferring to other fields of work as part of their career plans, not for the reason that teaching is a demanding work but because of the reason that there is no security of tenure.
• Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art


  • A discussion that draws on one or more sources
  • Ability to infer relationships among sources such as essays, articles, fiction and also non-written sources
  • To determine not only what parts of your sources you will use but also how you will relate them to one another
  • Refers to bringing together of materials from different sources, and the creation of an integrated whole
• Theoretical Framework


  • It shapes the justification of the research problem, objectives in order to provide the basis on its parameters
  • It is a symbolic construction which uses abstracts, concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates
• Theory


  Consists of generalizations (statements or conclusions) about a phenomena based on some amount of evidence and continued verification
• Conceptual Framework


  • It presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called constructs
  • It provides a systematic and coherent way of thinking about a problem or topic and helps to guide research or analysis in a particular field
  • It is a key component of any research project and helps to guide the research process from start to finish
  • It provides a clear understanding of the variables, relationships, and assumptions that underpin a research study
  • It outlines the key concepts that the study is investigating and how they are related to each other
  • It also defines the scope of the study and sets out the research questions or hypotheses