Elizabeth Enq 1

• How was elizabeth's gender a problem?

  -her councillors felt as though they needed to advise her more as she was 'only' a woman

  -war was seen as a man's job

  -tudor england was a patriarchal society - Elizabeth was expected to marry

  -elizabeth's reign was expected to fail- there had only been two quuens who'd ruled england in their own right and they'd been very unpopular

  -elizabeth couldn't be head of the church of england
• how was Elizabeth's gender a problem?- beginning of her reign

  -she pretended to consider marriage to evoke loyalty

  -took title of supreme governor of the church of england

  she'd play into stereotypes as a political tool e.g indecisiveness
• how was elizabeth's gender a problem?- end of her reign

  -cult of gloriana -signs of loyalty

  -she was seen as the virgin queen, married to her country

  -she used her gender to assist her as a war leader 'I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king'
• how was finance a problem for elizabeth?

  -mary left a debt of £227,000 because of war with France which was expensive
• ways elizabeth dealt with the problem of finance


  -official salaries were frozen

  -E ended war with France and avoided other conflict until 1580s

  -avoided the huge cost of building new palaces

  she didn't allow the bureaucracy to expand, instead unpaid local sheriffs and JPs collected taxes and customs forms

  -she stopped using forms of patronage that cost gov money and started using those that cost others

  -she reduced the size of the royal household

  -she tried to reduce expenditure- by 1585 the crown was solvent and had a cash reserve of £300,000
• Act of Supremacy, 1559


  -E was made supreme governor of the church of england

  -heresy laws repealed

  -communion of both kinds were authorised

  -papal supremacy revoked

  -all clergy must take an oath to her
• Act of Supremacy 1559

  Positives:

  -400 marian clergy resigned

  -passed HOC easily

  -solved disagreement over bread and wine by using wording for P and C

  
  

  NEGATIVES:

  - most marian bishops unable to take oath of supremacy

  -opposed by all bishops and one catholic layman in HOL
• Act of Uniformity, 1559

  -book of common prayer was used in all churches

  -punishments of fines if failure to attend church

  -ornaments and clothes of the clergy had to be same as 1548

  -penalties for not using prayer book
• Act of Uniformity, 1559

  POSITIVES:

  -act passed through HOC easily

  -monastic land stayed with their owners

  
  

  NEGATIVES:

  -act opposed by 9 bishops and 9 peers in HOL

  -21 vs 18 against and 2 catholic bishops arrested in TOL
• Royal Injunctions 1559 and Visitations

  -ordered clergy to observe royal supremacy and preach against superstition

  -condemn images, relics and miracles

  -report recusants to Privy Council or JPs

  -observe ornaments Rubric land down during Edward's reign

  -marry only with permission of bishop and two JPs
• Royal Injunctions 1559 and Visitations


  POSITIVES:

  -125 commissioner appointed to enforce oath of supremacy

  -loss of 400 marian clergy out of 8000-9000

  
  

  NEGATIVES:

  -john guy estimates 400 marian clergy refused to accept these and were removed from posts between 1559 and 1564- took longer in strong catholic locations e.g- lancashire and yorkshire
• Act of Exchange 1559/ Act of First Fruits and Tenths


  -monasteries/ chantries restored under Mary I were dissolved and assets restored to the crown

  -first fruits and tenths also returned to the crown
• Acts of Exchange 1559/ Act of First Fruits and Tenths


  POSITIVES

  -lands sold were not returned to the crown- keep rich happy in HOC

  -gave the money to E which helped her deal with financial issues

  NEGATIVES

  -Catholics believed this should go to the church or the pope
• Problems in France


  -France was Roman Catholic and supported Mary Stuart- the French monarch was alarmed at spanish control of england as a result of Philip's marriage to Mary Tudor because it threatened French communication

  -in 1559 England signed the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis which confirmed the loss of Calais- Cateau Cambresis signed with Italy, Spain and France 1559

  -the signing of the treaty was a relief to england but the friendship between France and Spain following Cateau-Cambresis was not
• Problems in Scotland


  -rebellion of Scotland: Protestant nobles against the French Catholic regent of scotland-however supporting the rebels may lead to a new relationship with scotland

  -Mary Stuart is rightful heir to english throne

  -E helped the rebels- had an english army sent to Scotland to help with the siege of Leith in 1560- the treaty of Edinburgh was a triumph for English

  -fairly successful Mary Stuart said she wouldn't use arms against england
• Problems in Spain


  -Spain is catholic since Elizabeth is illegitimate they could claim crusade and invade

  -spain and france signed a peace treaty but relied on jealousy between them to maintain englands independence

  -dragged out proposal from philip II which he made the pope hold of excommunicating her

  -philip had no wish to be dragged into war against france to defend england, spain's traditional ally- england had relied on jealousy between france and spain to maintain independence
• Problems with Italy/ Pope Pius IV

  -can lead to war and bring down her finances with catholic countries

  -she was excommunicated

  -she lost power over subjects

  -maintained relations with Spain to have an ally with Philip II of spain, dragged out proposal to avoid excommunication, Philip influenced the pope

  -wont go into war with E so fairly successful as she wasn't excommunicated until 1570
• how was religion a problem for Elizabeth

  FOREIGN CONTEXT

  -france was present in scotland

  -spain could launch crusade in england as it was protestant
• how was religion a problem for elizabeth?

  DOMESTIC CONTEXT

  -england was divided by religion

  -many of the gentry were catholic

  -protestantism was strong in london, the south east, universities and among the politically active

  -a group of extreme protestants known as marian exiles had fled to protestant strongholds in england during mary's reign but returned to england in 1558
• how was religion a problem for elizabeth?

  ADVICE ELIZABETH RECEIVED

  -anonymous piece of advice called device for alteration of religion which recognised the problems which a return to protestantism would involve

  -richard goodrich sent her his divers point of religious contrary to the church of england in which he argued that she should move slowly and be aware of threat of bishops from mary's reign
• how was religion a problem for elizabeth?

  ELIZABETH'S RELIGIOUS BELIEFS/ PREFERENCES

  -raised by protestant catherine parr

  -she used the english bible in mary's reign even though it was forbidden

  -retained some catholic traditions that could prevent spain from launching crusade against her

  -publicly snubbed monks of westminster during opening of parliament in jan 1559

  -stormed out of mass on xmas 1558

  -debated by historians but believed to be protestant