Organic 1

• Organic

  • Unsaturated double bond
  • Saturated only single bonds
  • Homologous series group of
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Ester
  • Functional group
• Catalytic converters


  • Pt metals spread very thinly on honeycomes
  • Structure to maximise surface area volume ratio and minimise lost
• Catalytic converters


  More harmful gases into less harmful

  NO + CO → N₂+ CO₂

  CH₂ + 3NO → CO₂+ H₂O + N₂
• Wing stone/calcium oxide are often added to coal (CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂)
• LPG


  1. 4 bottled gas
• Structural isomerism


  Compounds with same molecular formula, different structural formulae
• Chain isomerism


  Same molecular formula, different C chain length
• Position isomerism


  Same functional group, but in different position on C chain
• Functional group isomerism


  Same molecular formula but different functional group
• Crude oil formed from anaerobic decomposition of plants under high temp and pressure over millions of years
• Fractional distillation of crude oil

  Vapours at different temperatures

  Vapours condense at different heights in fractionating column

  Smaller molecules condense at lower temperatures
• Greenhouse effect

  Short wavelength radiation from sun absorbed by Earth's surface, re-emitted as long wavelength IR radiation absorbed by greenhouse gases in atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases


  CH₄, CO₂, H₂O absorb IR radiation, transfer energy by collisions
• CO is toxic, causes asphyxiation by binding to haemoglobin
• NO contributes to photochemical smog (breathing difficulties) and global dimming
• SO₂ and rain forms acid rain (H₂O + SO₂ → H₂SO₃), causes corrosion of metals, changes pH of soil and water, chemical weathering
• High temp combustion of N₂ and O₂ in air forms NO, which reacts with water to form HNO₃ (acid rain)
• N is a key fertiliser
• Kerosene


  10-16 carbon atoms, aircraft fuel
• As carbon chain length increases

  Boiling point increases, viscosity increases, harder to ignite, burns less completely, van der Waals IMFs get stronger
• Cracking


  Breaks larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones

  Thermal cracking: high temp (500-900°C), high pressure (70-80 atm), free radical intermediates

  Catalytic cracking: moderate temp (400°C), slight pressure (1-2 atm), Zeolite catalyst, carbon cation intermediates
• Cracking produces surplus long chain hydrocarbons into smaller alkanes and alkenes
• Diesel


  14-20 carbon atoms
• Lubricating oil


  20-30 carbon atoms, engine oil
• Fuel oil


  20-30 carbon atoms, ships/tankers
• Waxes

  • 40 to 40°C, polishes/vaseline
• Bitumen


  60°C+, road/roof surfacing
• Halogenation of alkanes, if exposed to UV light, is an uncontrollable reaction as UV splits Cl₂ into Cl radicals which are highly reactive
• Stereoisomerism

  Same molecular and structural formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms/bonds
• Geometric isomerism


  Occurs largely in alkenes due to lack of rotation about C=C bond
• C=C bond has a conventional sigma bond and a weaker pi bond above and below the plane of the unsaturated carbons