insulation

• Building insulation


  Any object in a building used as insulation for any purpose
• Purposes of building insulation

  • Thermal
  • Acoustic
  • Fire
  • Impact
• Thermal insulation


  Materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer
• Heat/thermal conduction


  Spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter to equalize temperature differences
• Convection


  Movement of molecules within fluids
• Radiation


  Energy in the form of waves or moving subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy state to a lower energy state
• Types of radiation

  • Ionizing
  • Non-ionizing
• Radioactive material


  Physical material that emits ionizing radiation
• Standard comfortable temperature

  70 °F (21.1 °C) to keep a resting person warm in a windless room
• Thermal comfort


  • Depends on clothing and activity level of a person
• Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Insulation


  A two component mixture that comes together at the tip of a gun, and forms an expanding foam that is sprayed onto surfaces
• Waterproofing


  Preventing the passage or flow of water through the pores or voids of a material
• Rigid panel insulation


  Made from fibrous materials (fiberglass, rock and slag wool) or from plastic foam, sometimes sold in sections designed to fit tightly in standard wall cavities

  
• Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs)


  Hollow, lightweight "stay in place" forms made of two Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) panels connected by polypropylene webs, filled with concrete during construction
• Structural insulated panels (SIPs)


  Laso known as stressed-skin walls, use the same concept as in foam-core external doors, but extend the concept to the entire house
• Oriented strand board (OSB)


  An engineered wood product formed by layering strands (flakes) of wood in specific orientations
• Dampproofing


  Preventing the absorption of water into the pores or voids of a material
• Types of Loose Fill Insulation

  • Fibrous Type (from mineral wool rock, glass wool, slag wool or vegetable fiber usually of wood fiber)
  • Granular (from expanded minerals like perlite, vermiculite or ground vegetable matter)
• Cellulose


  100% natural and 75-85% made from recycled newsprint
• Reflective Insulation


  Consists of 2 layers of 99% aluminum foil laminated to the outsides of 2 sheets of heavy-duty polyethylene air-bubble cushioning
• Impermeable concrete


  • Does not permit passage or flow of water through its pores or voids
• Corrugated Insulation


  Made from paper formed into shapes that produced enclosed air pockets into small regular semi-circular corrugations, with sheet of flat paper covering both sides to give strength and produce the air pockets
• Sound Insulation (Soundproofing)


  Any means of reducing the intensity of sound with respect to a specified source and receptor, affects sound in two different ways: noise reduction and noise absorption
• Fire Insulation (Fireproofing)


  The act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves, or the act of applying such materials
• Permeable concrete


  • Pores or voids are sufficiently large and connected from surface to surface, allowing water to pass through
• Capillary action in concrete


  • Minute pores or voids connect with one another, acting as capillary tubes that tend to hold water and prevent its passage
• Waterproofing of concrete


  1. Impermeability through dense concrete

  2. Waterproofing coatings and washes

  3. Integral waterproofing compounds

  4. Membrane waterproofing
• Impermeability through dense concrete


  • Accurate grading and proportioning of concrete materials
  • Wet, well-spaded concrete mixture
  • Avoiding defective workmanship and improper materials
• Waterproofing coatings and washes


  • Alum and soap mixtures (Sylvester process)
  • Alum, lye and cement washes
  • Cement grout with or without water-repellants
  • Paraffin and other mineral bases
  • Bituminous products
  • Asphalt emulsions
  • Cutback asphalts
• Membrane waterproofing


  • Layers of waterproofing materials like tar paper, asbestos or asphalted felt
• Integral Waterproofing Compounds


  Manufactured and sold under various trade names, available in powder or liquid form (e.g. "SAHARA", "POZOLITH", "AQUELLA", Truscon "ZILICON", "ANTI-HYDRO")
• Membrane Waterproofing


  Layers of waterproofing materials used, ranging from ordinary tar paper laid with coal-tar pitch to asbestos or asphalted felt laid in asphalt
• Types of Roofing


  • Sheet Metal Roofing
  • Plastic Roofing
  • Tile Roofing
  • Shingles

  
• Galvanized Iron Roofing


  • Manufactured in lengths of 5 to 12 ft. in 1 ft. increments, 8 ft. being the most commonly used
  • Width of sheets is 32", each sheet has 10 corrugations with a pitch of 3"
  • Ga. 26 is generally specified, Ga. 24 is preferred
• Aluminum Roofing


  • Corrugated aluminum is rigidized sheet fabricated of special aluminum alloys
  • Has a high insulating value and is about one-sixth lighter than similar materials
  • Is silvery in color, strong and does not stain adjoining materials
  • Reacts with dissimilar materials and must be insulated from contact with these materials
  • Width of sheets are 32-5/8", 32", 31-1/2", 31-1/8", and 30-5/8"; lengths are from 6 to 12 ft. in 1 ft. increments. Number of corrugations for 32" sheets and wider is 12; sheets of narrower width have 10 corrugations
• Plastic Roofing


  • Corrugated or Ribbed Roofing
  • Metal reinforced plastic roofing is available
  • Ideally used in sites of high salinity levels
  • Polycarbonate Sheets, ideally used in greenhouses, patios, outdoor sheds, and skylights
• Tile Roofing


  • Clay Tiles
  • Concrete Tiles
• Shingles


  • Wood Shingles
  • Tar/Asphalt Shingles
• Bituminuous Cement


  A black substance available in solid, semi-solid, or liquid states at normal temperatures, composed of mixed indeterminate hydrocarbons, appreciably soluble only in carbon disulfide or other volatile liquid hydrocarbon, used for sealing built-up roofing, and joints and cracks of concrete pavements
• Silicone Sealant


  A type of joint sealant