PEDC 1 WEEK 10

• Jean Piaget


  The first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development
• Piaget's contributions

  • A stage theory of child cognitive development
  • Detailed observational studies of cognition in children
  • A series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities
• Piaget's Theory


  • Concerned with children, rather than all learners
  • Focuses on development, rather than learning per se, so it does not address learning of information or specific behaviors
  • Proposes discrete stages of development, marked by qualitative differences, rather than a gradual increase in number and complexity of behaviors, concepts, ideas, etc.
• Cognitive Development


  The process of acquire knowledge, ability to learn and solve problems
• Aspects of Cognitive Development

  • Growth or changes in the individual's thought
  • Perception
  • Intelligence
  • Reasoning
  • Memory
  • Language
  • Abstract thinking
  • Idealistic thinking
  • Logical thinking
  • Reflective thinking
  • Relativistic thinking
• Schema


  Cognitive structures by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their environment. An individual's way to understand or create meaning about a thing or experience.
• Assimilation


  The process of fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created cognitive structure or schema
• Accommodation


  The process of creating a new schema if an experience does not fit into an existing schema
• Equilibration


  Achieving proper balance between assimilation and accommodation. The natural need to understand how the world works and to find order, structure and predictability in one's life.
• Cognitive disequilibrium


  A discrepancy between what is perceived and what is understood, when experiences do not match one's schemata or cognitive structures.
• Sensori-Motor Stage


  The first stage corresponds from birth to infancy
• Sensori-Motor Stage


  • Initially reflexive in grasping, sucking and reaching becomes more organize in his movement and activity
  • The term sensori-motor focuses on the prominence of the senses and muscle movement thru which the infant comes to learn about himself and the world
• Object Permanence


  The ability of the child to know that an object still exists even when out of sight
• Pre-Operational Stage


  The pre-operational stage covers from abut 2-7 years old - preschool years
• Pre-Operational Stage

  • Intelligence at this stage is intuitive in nature
  • The child can now make mental representations and is able to pretend, the child is now ever closer to the use of symbols
• Characteristics of Pre-Operational Stage

  • Symbolic Function - the ability to represent objects and events
  • Egocentrism - The tendency of the child to only see his point of view and to assume that everyone also has his same point of view
  • Centration - This refers to the tendency of the child to only focus on once aspect of a thing or events and exclude other aspect
  • Irreversibility - Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking
  • Animism - tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects
  • Transductive Reasoning - pre-operational child type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive
• Concrete-Operational Stage


  Ability of the child to think logically but only in terms of concrete objects
• Concrete-Operational Stage

  • Ages between 8-11 years old
  • Elementary school years
• Decentering


  Ability of the child to perceive different features of objects and situations; No longer is the child focused or limited to one aspect or dimension
• Reversibility


  The child can now follow operations can be done in reverse
• Conservation


  Ability to know that certain properties of objects like number, mass, volume, or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance
• Seriation


  Ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume, or size
• Formal Operational Stage


  Thinking becomes more logical. They can now solve abstract problems and can hypothesize
• Formal Operational Stage


  • Ages between 12-15 years old
• Hypothetical Reasoning


  Ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weigh data in order to make a final decision or judgement; This can be done in the absence of concrete objects; The individuals can now deal with "what ifs" questions
• Analogical Reasoning


  Ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situations or problems. The individual in the formal operations stage can make an analogy
• Deductive Reasoning


  Ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situations