paper 1 geography

• at a destructive plate boundary, the thinner and denser oceanic crust subducts under the thicker continental crust
• at a conservative plate boundary, the plates are moving past each other in the same direction
• the 2015 nepal earthquake measured 7.9 on the richter scale and killed 9000 people
• in cold environments, plants are low-growing to provide protection from the wind and have shallow roots because of the layer of permafrost under the soil
• in cold environments, polar bears have large paws to evenly spread their weight on the ice as well as having a layer of fat under their fur to trap heat
• meanders are formed by erosion on the outer bend and deposition on the inner bend
• latosol is the soil underground in rainforests
• waterfalls and gorges are found in the upper course of a river
• lateral erosion takes place in the lower/middle courses of a river
• vertical erosion takes place in the upper course of a river
• hard engineering are man-made strategies to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding & erosoin
• oxbow lakes are formed when a meander breaks away from the main course of the river
• cold environments have low biodiversity
• almost 70% of malaysia is rainforest
• 50% decline of orangutans in malaysia due to deforestation
• producer -> consumer -> decomposer
• rainforests have high biodiversity
• the trees in rainforests have smooth, thin bark as they don't need to be protected from cold temperatures. it also allows water to run off easily
• plants in rainforests have thick waxy leaves with pointed drip-tips which channels the rainwater off the plant so that the water doesn't damage it.
• in rainforests, the trees have large stable buttress roots to support the trees' tall trunks
• some animals in the rainforest are adapted to live high up in the canopy, while others are adapted to the low light levels on the forest floor
• plants in the undercanopy of the rainforest often have large leaves so that they can absorb as much sunlight as possible
• rainforests can be sustainably managed by tree plantation, selective logging, and ecotourism
• reducing debt means that lower income countries do not have to pay back debt to higher income countries, and the money can instead be put towards conservation of the rainforests
• cold environments are fragile ecosystems, so development can be difficult and cause problems. technology, international agreements, and conservation groups are used to help this issue
• an ecosystem is all the biotic and abiotic parts of an area
• hydraulic action - waves crash against rock and compress the air in the cracks. this puts pressure on the rocks and can eventually cause them to break off
• abrasion is the process of scraping or wearing something away
• attrition is the process in which eroded particles in the water collide and become more rounded
• typhoon haiyan caused 6300 deaths and 600,000 people to be left homeless. it led to storm surges, landslides, and disease outbreaks. 1200 evacuation centres were set up immediately (short-term response
• as a result of typhoon haiyan, industries took 3-4 years to recover, while rice farming and fishing bounced back quickly. the cost of damage due to typhoon haiyan was $14 billion
• tropical storm - a rapidly rotating storm system characterised by extreme low pressure which produce strong winds and thunderstorms.
• cumulonimbus clouds - tall storm clouds
• tropical storms only occur at a latitude of 5-20
• tropical storms are measured on the saffir-simpson scale from 1-5
• the centre of a hurricane/tropical storm is the eye, where air descends fast, surrounded by the eye wall
• many hurricanes result in storm surges
• Spits, bars, and sand dunes are formed by deposition
• Beaches are built by constructive waves depositing material
• Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines