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A-Level Sociology
Paper 1
Education
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Marketisation
Schools have
govt
control
reduced
& become like
private businesses
, subject to the forces of
supply
/
demand
Privatisation
Services
which were once
owned
/
provided
by the
state
are transferred to
private companies
Endogenous
privatisation
Privatisation
within
education, making schools more like
private businesses
E.g.
league tables
Exogenous
privatisation
Privatisation from
outside
, opening education up to
private businesses
E.g.
school
services (staff
training,
catering,
etc.)
Why globalisation has changed education policy
Changing
job
market: different
skills
needed to be
competitive
Education needs to
compete
on a
global
scale e.g.
PISA
tables
Change in
policy
since
1980s
(
Thatcher)
to reflect
globalisation
Govts
are looking to other countries'
education
systems to
improve
their own
Globalisation-inspired policies:
National
literacy/numeracy
hours
Slimming down the national
curriculum
to
'essential
knowledge' in
English,
maths,
science,
etc.
Raising
academic
requirements for trainee
teachers
(
2012)
: from
Finland
'Master
teachers' (Labour
2015
GE pledge): inspired by
Singapore
Free
schools: originated in
Denmark
British
values
&
PREVENT:
response to anti-Western
terrorism
Increased
funding
for
EAL:
response to increased
immigration
AO3 for international education comparisons:
Shows whether education
spending
matches
achievement
e.g. UK
spending
higher than average, but
achievement
is lower
Encourages
competition
& raises international
standards
Shows
policy-makers
what works & what doesn't
Test
results don't show the full
picture
e.g. some countries have
strict
school cultures which harm
mental
health but produce
better
results
Globalisation, marketisation, & privatisation:
Increased
marketisation
&
privatisation
E.g. unis have overseas
campuses
in
developing
countries
E.g. unis
advertising
themselves to
international
students (rely on them for their
higher
fees)
Arguments in favour of independent schools:
Selective:
help to maintain
high
academic
standards
Parental
choice/
parentocracy
Attracts
better
teachers
Part of
meritocracy:
those who achieve
high-paying
jobs are rewarded with the option of
privately
educating their children
Arguments against independent schools:
Marxism
: reproduces
class
inequality
MPs
make policy which reflects the
ideology
of
public
schools
Charitable
status (allows
tax
exemptions):
Labour
wants to remove this
Sutton
Trust: private school students
7x
more likely to get into
Oxbridge
(
55x
more likely than those on
FSM
)
Elite
education
-> elite
jobs
&
'old
boys
network'
Myth of
meritocracy
: private schools have
opportunities
state schools don't
Private schools & government policy:
Don't have to follow
national
curriculum: no mandatory
PSHE
->
rape
culture in private schools (Everyone's
Invited)
More likely to enter students for IGCSE/
IBacc
Don't have to follow School
Admissions
Code (must follow
Equality
Act)
Independent Schools'
Inspectorate,
not
OFSTED
School Admissions Code:
Cannot discriminate based on
class
/
ability
/
parental
background
Can discriminate to prioritise students who are pupil
premium
/in
local
authority
care
(incentivised by the extra
cash
for each of these students)
Open
enrolment
Parents can apply for a place at any
state-funded
school in any
area
& if the school is
under-subscribed
it must
accept
the child
Oversubscription criteria:
Prioritises: children in
care
, those with
siblings
at the school, those in the
catchment
area, those who live
nearest,
by
faith,
pupil
premium
Types of schools likely to be oversubscribed:
outstanding,
high
league
table place, those in
affluent
areas
Oversubscribed schools get more
funding
, undersubscribed get
less
Covert
selection
(
Tough
&
Brookes)
Schools attempt to
discourage
parents from lower socio-economic backgrounds from applying
E.g. by making the school literature difficult to understand, having lengthy application forms, not advertising the school in poorer areas
Selection by
ability
Students are
assessed
on the basis of their
ability
/
intelligence
Only permitted at
grammar
schools, often practised in
private
schools
Selection by
aptitude
Students are chosen based on their
ability
in a certain
subject
State schools with subject
specialisms
can select up to
10
% of a cohort on this basis
Selection by
faith
Selection on the
basis
of
faith
Only allowed for schools with a
faith
character
Must admit at least
5
% of students who aren't of the faith if
demand
exists
Coalition education policy
2010-2015
:
New-style
academies: all
state
schools encouraged to
convert
,
'inadequate'
schools forced to
Free
schools
EMA
replaced with 16-19
Bursary
Fund:
lower
amounts available to
fewer
students for a
narrower
purpose
Pupil
premium
:
FSM
/
LAC
students carry extra
funding
for schools
EBacc
: maths,
English
, sciences, languages,
humanities
National
curriculum
reform: intended to be more
'demanding'
Exams
reform: removal of
coursework
,
linear
assessment
Progress
8
: measure of pupil achievement in key
subjects
Raising
tuition
fees to
£9000
Aims of coalition education policy:
Parental
choice
Independence from
govt
control
Reducing educational
inequality
Evaluation of coalition education policy:
Academies
can set their own
admission
policies so can practise
selection
Scrapping
EMA
lowered
stay-on
rate for
further
education
Pupil
premium
often isn't spent on those it's intended for due to lack of funding
Focus on specific subjects
advantages
students &
disadvantages
others
Aims of New Labour education policy:
Reducing
inequality
in education
Promoting
diversity
/
choice
in education
Raise educational
standards
New Labour education policy
1997-2010
:
Free
nursery
places
Maximum
class
sizes for
KS1
Additional school
funding
National
Literacy
&
Numeracy
schemes
Specialist
schools
'Special
measures'
: more
inspections
, threat of
closure
Beacon
schools: extra
funding
for
best-performing
schools to help others
'Value-added'
league tables:
improvement
of each
student
Sure
Start
Centres
Education
Action
Zones: more
funding
for schools in
deprived
areas
City
academies
Education
Maintenance
Allowance: money for
working
class students to attend
college
Raising school
leaver's
age to
18
Tuition
fees
Evaluation of New Labour education policy:
Most policies involving extra
funding
have been
scrapped
Greater
diversity
of schools
'Special
measures'
creates
sink
schools
Academies accused of
covert
selection/
cream-skimming
Aims of Conservative education policy
1979-1997
:
Meritocracy
Parentocracy
Raise
standards
More
independence
for schools
Conservative education policy (
1988
Education
Reform
Act):
League
tables
Formula
funding
National
curriculum
OFSTED
National
testing
Open
enrolment
Local
Management
of Schools: control over
budget
/
admin
etc. transferred from
govt
->
schools
Parentocracy
Parental
choice within education: schools should
compete
to be attractive to
parents
E.g.
OFSTED
,
league
tables
Gillborn
&
Youdell
: 4 aspects of equality of educational opportunity
Equality of
access
: no unfair social
selection
, no better schools in
affluent
areas
Equality of
circumstance
: children should be of similar
socio-economic
status when they start school
Equality of
participation
: same school experience e.g. same
access
to
GCSE
subjects
Equality of
outcome
: everyone shares in the
benefits
of schooling
Tripartite
system:
3
types of schools:
grammar
,
technical
, secondary
modern
School each child attends determined by the
11+
(
IQ
test)
Comprehensivisation
:
Introduced
1965
Scrapped
tripartite
system & selection by
11+
Comprehensives
: don't formally select by
ability
Grammar
schools:
Created by
1944
Butler
Act (
tripartite
system)
Attended by students who achieved the highest
11+
results
Foundation
&
trust
schools
Foundation
owns the
land
/
building
so has a say over how the school is
run
; more freedom from the national
curriculum
Community
schools
State-funded
, run by the
LEA,
follow national
curriculum
Voluntary-aided
/
voluntary-controlled
schools
LEA
maintained
Often have a
religious
character
Eligible for
capital
funding
grants
: sum of money given by the
govt
to an
organisation
to buy
buildings
/
land
/
equipment
/make
improvements
Foundation
/
trust
contributes to
building
costs & controls
running
of the school
Don't have to follow the national
curriculum
Free
schools
All-ability
,
state-funded
schools run by groups of
teachers
/
parents
/
charities
etc., set up in response to what
local
people say they
want
from schools
Faith
schools
Can select a
proportion
of their students based on
religious
beliefs
City technology
colleges
Free
,
independent
,
all-ability
schools set up through partnerships between
govt
&
businesses
to teach
technology
/
science
in inner-city areas
Teach the national
curriculum
& a range of
qualifications
Specialist
schools
Private
/
govt-funded
schools with a special focus on a chosen
subject
area; can select up to
10
% of students based on
ability
E.g.
technology
,
languages
,
business
Special
schools
Caters for students with
SEN
: often have
lower
student:teacher
ratios
& special
facilities
to cater to learning/physical
disabilities
Montessori
schools
Generally
pre-school
/
early
years schools with
mixed-age
classes & greater
freedom
for children to choose between
activities
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