Education

    Cards (98)

    • Marketisation
      Schools have govt control reduced & become like private businesses, subject to the forces of supply/demand
    • Privatisation
      Services which were once owned/provided by the state are transferred to private companies
    • Endogenous privatisation

      Privatisation within education, making schools more like private businesses
      • E.g. league tables
    • Exogenous privatisation

      Privatisation from outside, opening education up to private businesses
      • E.g. school services (staff training, catering, etc.)
    • Why globalisation has changed education policy
      • Changing job market: different skills needed to be competitive
      • Education needs to compete on a global scale e.g. PISA tables
      • Change in policy since 1980s (Thatcher) to reflect globalisation
      • Govts are looking to other countries' education systems to improve their own
    • Globalisation-inspired policies:
      • National literacy/numeracy hours
      • Slimming down the national curriculum to 'essential knowledge' in English, maths, science, etc.
      • Raising academic requirements for trainee teachers (2012): from Finland
      • 'Master teachers' (Labour 2015 GE pledge): inspired by Singapore
      • Free schools: originated in Denmark
      • British values & PREVENT: response to anti-Western terrorism
      • Increased funding for EAL: response to increased immigration
    • AO3 for international education comparisons:
      • Shows whether education spending matches achievement e.g. UK spending higher than average, but achievement is lower
      • Encourages competition & raises international standards
      • Shows policy-makers what works & what doesn't
      • Test results don't show the full picture e.g. some countries have strict school cultures which harm mental health but produce better results
    • Globalisation, marketisation, & privatisation:
      • Increased marketisation & privatisation
      • E.g. unis have overseas campuses in developing countries
      • E.g. unis advertising themselves to international students (rely on them for their higher fees)
    • Arguments in favour of independent schools:
      • Selective: help to maintain high academic standards
      • Parental choice/parentocracy
      • Attracts better teachers
      • Part of meritocracy: those who achieve high-paying jobs are rewarded with the option of privately educating their children
    • Arguments against independent schools:
      • Marxism: reproduces class inequality
      • MPs make policy which reflects the ideology of public schools
      • Charitable status (allows tax exemptions): Labour wants to remove this
      • Sutton Trust: private school students 7x more likely to get into Oxbridge (55x more likely than those on FSM)
      • Elite education -> elite jobs & 'old boys network'
      • Myth of meritocracy: private schools have opportunities state schools don't
    • Private schools & government policy:
      • Don't have to follow national curriculum: no mandatory PSHE -> rape culture in private schools (Everyone's Invited)
      • More likely to enter students for IGCSE/IBacc
      • Don't have to follow School Admissions Code (must follow Equality Act)
      • Independent Schools' Inspectorate, not OFSTED
    • School Admissions Code:
      • Cannot discriminate based on class/ability/parental background
      • Can discriminate to prioritise students who are pupil premium/in local authority care (incentivised by the extra cash for each of these students)
    • Open enrolment
      Parents can apply for a place at any state-funded school in any area & if the school is under-subscribed it must accept the child
    • Oversubscription criteria:
      • Prioritises: children in care, those with siblings at the school, those in the catchment area, those who live nearest, by faith, pupil premium
      • Types of schools likely to be oversubscribed: outstanding, high league table place, those in affluent areas
      • Oversubscribed schools get more funding, undersubscribed get less
    • Covert selection (Tough & Brookes)
      Schools attempt to discourage parents from lower socio-economic backgrounds from applying
      • E.g. by making the school literature difficult to understand, having lengthy application forms, not advertising the school in poorer areas
    • Selection by ability
      Students are assessed on the basis of their ability/intelligence
      • Only permitted at grammar schools, often practised in private schools
    • Selection by aptitude
      Students are chosen based on their ability in a certain subject
      • State schools with subject specialisms can select up to 10% of a cohort on this basis
    • Selection by faith
      Selection on the basis of faith
      • Only allowed for schools with a faith character
      • Must admit at least 5% of students who aren't of the faith if demand exists
    • Coalition education policy 2010-2015:
      • New-style academies: all state schools encouraged to convert, 'inadequate' schools forced to
      • Free schools
      • EMA replaced with 16-19 Bursary Fund: lower amounts available to fewer students for a narrower purpose
      • Pupil premium: FSM/LAC students carry extra funding for schools
      • EBacc: maths, English, sciences, languages, humanities
      • National curriculum reform: intended to be more 'demanding'
      • Exams reform: removal of coursework, linear assessment
      • Progress 8: measure of pupil achievement in key subjects
      • Raising tuition fees to £9000
    • Aims of coalition education policy:
      • Parental choice
      • Independence from govt control
      • Reducing educational inequality
    • Evaluation of coalition education policy:
      • Academies can set their own admission policies so can practise selection
      • Scrapping EMA lowered stay-on rate for further education
      • Pupil premium often isn't spent on those it's intended for due to lack of funding
      • Focus on specific subjects advantages students & disadvantages others
    • Aims of New Labour education policy:
      • Reducing inequality in education
      • Promoting diversity/choice in education
      • Raise educational standards
    • New Labour education policy 1997-2010:
      • Free nursery places
      • Maximum class sizes for KS1
      • Additional school funding
      • National Literacy & Numeracy schemes
      • Specialist schools
      • 'Special measures': more inspections, threat of closure
      • Beacon schools: extra funding for best-performing schools to help others
      • 'Value-added' league tables: improvement of each student
      • Sure Start Centres
      • Education Action Zones: more funding for schools in deprived areas
      • City academies
      • Education Maintenance Allowance: money for working class students to attend college
      • Raising school leaver's age to 18
      • Tuition fees
    • Evaluation of New Labour education policy:
      • Most policies involving extra funding have been scrapped
      • Greater diversity of schools
      • 'Special measures' creates sink schools
      • Academies accused of covert selection/cream-skimming
    • Aims of Conservative education policy 1979-1997:
      • Meritocracy
      • Parentocracy
      • Raise standards
      • More independence for schools
    • Conservative education policy (1988 Education Reform Act):
      • League tables
      • Formula funding
      • National curriculum
      • OFSTED
      • National testing
      • Open enrolment
      • Local Management of Schools: control over budget/admin etc. transferred from govt -> schools
    • Parentocracy
      Parental choice within education: schools should compete to be attractive to parents
      • E.g. OFSTED, league tables
    • Gillborn & Youdell: 4 aspects of equality of educational opportunity
      • Equality of access: no unfair social selection, no better schools in affluent areas
      • Equality of circumstance: children should be of similar socio-economic status when they start school
      • Equality of participation: same school experience e.g. same access to GCSE subjects
      • Equality of outcome: everyone shares in the benefits of schooling
    • Tripartite system:
      • 3 types of schools: grammar, technical, secondary modern
      • School each child attends determined by the 11+ (IQ test)
    • Comprehensivisation:
      • Introduced 1965
      • Scrapped tripartite system & selection by 11+
      • Comprehensives: don't formally select by ability
    • Grammar schools:
      • Created by 1944 Butler Act (tripartite system)
      • Attended by students who achieved the highest 11+ results
    • Foundation & trust schools

      Foundation owns the land/building so has a say over how the school is run; more freedom from the national curriculum
    • Community schools

      State-funded, run by the LEA, follow national curriculum
    • Voluntary-aided/voluntary-controlled schools
      • LEA maintained
      • Often have a religious character
      • Eligible for capital funding grants: sum of money given by the govt to an organisation to buy buildings/land/equipment/make improvements
      • Foundation/trust contributes to building costs & controls running of the school
      • Don't have to follow the national curriculum
    • Free schools

      All-ability, state-funded schools run by groups of teachers/parents/charities etc., set up in response to what local people say they want from schools
    • Faith schools

      Can select a proportion of their students based on religious beliefs
    • City technology colleges

      Free, independent, all-ability schools set up through partnerships between govt & businesses to teach technology/science in inner-city areas
      • Teach the national curriculum & a range of qualifications
    • Specialist schools

      Private/govt-funded schools with a special focus on a chosen subject area; can select up to 10% of students based on ability
      • E.g. technology, languages, business
    • Special schools

      Caters for students with SEN: often have lower student:teacher ratios & special facilities to cater to learning/physical disabilities
    • Montessori schools

      Generally pre-school/early years schools with mixed-age classes & greater freedom for children to choose between activities
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