AP HuG Unit 4

• State (country)


  Political unit with a permanent population and boundaries that are recognized by other states that allows for the administration of laws, collection of taxes, and provision of defense
• Types of political entities

  • Nation
  • Nation-state
  • Stateless nation
  • Multi-national state
  • Multi-state nation
  • Autonomous region
  • Semi-autonomous region
• Nation


  • People who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history and who desire political autonomy
• Nations


  • Japanese
  • German
  • French
  • Hmong
• Nation-state


  A state with a single nation (very few exist)
• Nation-states


  • Japan
  • Iceland
  • Armenia
  • Lesotho
• Stateless nation


  A nation who do not have their own independent state
• Stateless nations


  • Palestinians
  • Basque
  • Kurds
  • Hmong
• Multi-national state


  A state with two or more nations (includes most states)
• Multi-state nation


  A nation living across states
• Multi-state nations


  • Koreans
  • Kurds
  • Basque
  • Russians
• Autonomous region


  An area which governs itself, but is not an independent country
• Autonomous regions


  • Greenland
  • The Azores
  • Hong Kong
  • Catalonia and Basque region (Spain)
• Semi-autonomous region


  An area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern
• Semi-autonomous regions


  • Nunavut (Canada)
  • Native American reservations (U.S.)
• Sovereignty


  Final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion
• Colonialism


  Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations
• Imperialism


  The drive toward creation and expansion of an empire and then once established, its perpetuation
• Self-determination


  The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government
• Independence movements


  An area that believes that it should be its own country
• Independence movements


  • Colonized people against their colonizers
• Political power


  Expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources
• Types of government


  • Authoritarian government
  • Democracy
  • Republic
• Authoritarian government


  Government with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, no individual freedoms
• Authoritarian governments


  • Absolute monarchy (Saudi Arabia)
  • Dictatorship (North Korea)
  • Fascism (Germany)
• Democracy


  Government where power resides with the majority (Ancient Greece)
• Republic


  Government where power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected representatives responsible to them and governing according to law
• Republics


  • U.S.
  • Germany
  • France
• Democratization


  The process of moving from a non-democracy (authoritarian rule, colonial rule) to a democratic system
• Neocolonialism


  Form of indirect control through the use of economic/political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies in which they continue to be exploited
• Shatterbelt


  Region endangered by local conflicts within the state or between countries in the area, as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region
• Shatterbelts


  • Eastern Europe
  • Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia)
• Choke points


  Geographical feature (sea OR land) that has significant strategic importance
• Human territoriality


  The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land creating a desire for ownership over a defined space
• Boundary


  Line that determines the limit of state jurisdiction that is a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil and extends into the airspace above and often coincides with cultural, national or economic divisions
• Steps in establishing a boundary

  • Boundary definition
  • Boundary delimitation
  • Boundary demarcation
  • Boundary administration
• Boundary dispute


  Disagreement over the location of a boundary/movement across the boundary (migration/smuggling) and can cause conflict
• Irredentism


  When a state wants to annex territory whose population is ethnically similar
• Irredentism


  • Russia annexation of Crimea
• Antecedent boundary


  Boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in