Respir Dis I&II: Asthma, Bronch, Respir Failure & Carcinoma

• What is dyspnea?

  shortness of breath
• What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?


  sudden awakening from sleeping with shortness of breath
• What is orthopnea?

  difficulty breathing while lying down
• What is stridor?

  a harsh vibrating noise when breathing, caused by obstruction/swelling of the windpipe or larynx.
• What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

  The maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in
• What is forced expiratory volume?

  Amount of air exhaled in the first second after a full inspiration
• What does the FEV1/FVC curve look like for normal, asthmatic and pulmonary fibrosis patient?

  
• What instrument is used to measure lung function and what does it measure?

  Peak flow meter - Measures PEFR (rate of vol of air that can be forcefully exhaled after deepest inhalation.
• What are 3 things that can lead to a sudden cough/cold?

  1. Foreign body inhaled 2. Pulmonary embolism (clot in vessels of the lung) 3. Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
• What are 2 things that can cause a cough/condition lasting days?

  1. Lung cancer 2. Pleural effusion (collection of liquid between chest and lung).
• What is a bronchoscope?

  instrument used to examine the bronchi

  
• What are some upper respiratory tract infections?

  Common cold/sinusitis/rhinitis/pharyngitis/laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis/influenza
• What is sinusitis?


  Obstructed sinus due to mucosal oedema increasing pressure and causing pain near maxillary region
• What is rhinitis?

  inflammation of the nose - sneezing+congested nose
• What is the epiglottis?

  a flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing. (Life threatening)
• What does AIR RAID stand for in relation to epiglottitis?

  A- airway inflammation

  I-Increased pulse

  R-Restlessness

  R- retractions

  A-anxiety increased

  I-Inspiratory stridor

  D- Drooling
• What is used to treat epiglottitis?

  Don't examine throat/oxygen/cool mist/position for comfort.
• What is used to treat rhinitis?

  Anti-histamines
• Why can inhalation of foreign body be a risk in dentistry?

  Dental equipment is used which can go down the back of peoples throat
• How can we prevent foreign bodies from going down peoples throat during dental procedures?

  Rubber dam
• If a foreign objected is inspired, where does it usually go and why?

  Right main bronchus Because it more vertical compared to the left bronchus
• What is asthma?

  chronic REVERSIBLE inflammatory disorder of the airways
• What is asthma defined by?


  Hyper responsive airways, inflammatory airway changes and excess mucus production.
• What are extrinsic factors of asthma?

  House dust mites, pollen and animal fur.
• What are intrinsic factors of asthma?

  Atopy (immune problem making you more likely to develop allergies - predisposition), bronchial hyper reactivity.
• What are additional factors that cause asthma?

  Exercise/cold air/pollution/stress/infection/drugs/diet
• What is the Pathogenesis (development of disease) of asthma?

  -Triad of oedema (vascular leakage)

  -Bronchoconstriction

  -increased mucus secretion
• What are the first symptoms of asthma?

  Shortness of breath/wheeze/cough (nocturnal)/quietening of voice/increased expiratory time.
• How is asthma investigated?

  Family history, measuring PEFR at diff times of the day and compare, skin tests to identify extrinsic causes and provocation allergen test.
• How is asthma managed?

  Educate patients about cause and effect, avoid allergens,immunosuppressant drugs, sodium chromoglycate.
• What is sodium chromoglycate used for?

  Stabilising mast cells
• What are mast cells?

  Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.
• What is a side effect of using inhalers? And how is this overcome?

  Oral thrush- to overcome this use inhaler chamber tube

  
• How are acute asthma phases dealt with using ASTHMA?

  A- andrenergics

  S- Steroids

  T- Theophylline

  H-Hydration

  M- O2 Mask

  A- Anticholinergics
• What are the 2 chronic obstructive airway diseases?

  -Chronic Bronchitis

  -Emphysema
• What is chronic bronchitis?

  Bronchi swell and become clogged with thick mucus, narrowing lumen, limiting airflow.

  
• What are symptoms of chronic obstructive airway disease?

  Cough,dyspnoea, wheeze
• What is emphysema?

  Tissues in lungs lose elasticity limiting expiratory airflow.

  
• What is anti-trypsin protein used for in the lungs?

  Photolytic enzyme that gets rid of all old protein debris from the blood. Without it, lungs are more easily damaged by smoking/pollution (Pulmonary damage)
• What is cystic fibrosis?

  autosomal recessive disorder affecting lungs and digestive system. (Mutation in CTFR gene)