Solutions

• the gas/solid in a solution of gases/solids, in smaller amount, the one being dissolved. solute
• the liquid in the case of a solution of gases/solids, in larger amount, dissolves the solute. solvent
• fluids that mix/dissolve in each other in all proportions. Miscible
• fluids that do not dissolve in each other. Immiscible
• reached when the rate ions leave the crystals is equal to the rate of ions returning to crystals. dynamic equilibrium
• amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature. solubility
• a solution not in equilibrium with respect to a given dissolved substance. unsaturated solution
• solution containing more dissolved substance than saturated solution, prepared at higher temperature then slowly cooled. supersaturated solution
• supersaturated solution is very unstable, disturbance would cause precipitation.
• strong forces within solute opposes dissolving
• strong forces between species favor dissolving
• the IMF responsible for the energy of attraction between an ion and water molecule. ion - dipole forces
• the attraction of ions for water molecules. hydration
• absorbs heat, temperature of solution increases as solute dissolves. endothermic
• releases heat, temperature of solution increases as solute dissolves. exothermic
• when a system in equilibrium is disturbed by a change of temperature/pressure/concentration. le chatelier's principle
• properties that depend on concentration of solute molecules/ions, not on chemical identity. colligative properties