medicine 3

• What did the Enlightenment promote?

  The idea that people could think for themselves and traditional authorities (like the Church) should not be able to control everyday life - this led to the Scientific Revolution
• Who discovered that different germs (or microbes) cause different diseases?

  Robert Koch
• What bacteria did Koch discover as the causes of which diseases?

  1882 - tuberculosis; 1883 - cholera
• What new methods did Koch develop?

  Using agar jelly in a petri dish to grow bacteria to study; staining bacteria with industrial dyes to increase visibility
• What were other scientists inspired to discover

  The microbes responsible for diphtheria, pneumonia, meningitis, the plague, tetanus and others
• What factors affected understanding of causes of illness?

  Individuals (e.g. Pasteur and Koch); the government; the Scientific Revolution; technology like microscopes; public attitudes
• How many hospitals were there by 1700?

  Only 5, all in London
• What were hospitals like by 1850?

  Extremely unsanitary - disease spread quickly; largely for the treatment of the ‘deserving poor’; untrained nurses
• Who worked as a nurse during the Crimean War?

  Florence Nightingale
• What did Nightingale promote in the Crimea?

  Cleaned hospitals; organised nurses; provided clean bedding and good meals
• How did Nightingale’s changes impact the mortality (i.e. death) rate?

  Fell from 40% to 2% within six months
• What changes did Nightingale make to hospitals in Britain?What changes did Nightingale make to hospitals in Britain?

  Pavilion plan for ventilation; separate isolation wards; more rigorous training for nurses; very clean
• What school did Nightingale establish in 1860?

  The Nightingale School for Nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital in London
• What were the three problems facing surgeons in the 18th century?

  Bleeding, pain, and infection
• Who discovered chloroform was an effective anaesthetic?

  James Simpson
• Who showed carbolic acid could be used during surgery to prevent or stop infection during and after surgery (i.e. aseptic and antiseptic surgery)?

  Joseph Lister
• When were there nationwide epidemics of smallpox?

  1722 - 23; 1740 - 42
• What method was sometimes used to try to prevent smallpox?

  Inoculation
• Who developed a vaccination for smallpox in the 1790s?

  Edward Jenner
• When did the government make vaccination for smallpox compulsory?

  1872
• Who developed further vaccines against tetanus and diphtheria?

  Emil von Behring in 1890
• What did Edwin Chadwick publish in 1842?

  His Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Classes - this showed people living in poverty had lower life expectancies due to the unhygienic conditions
• Who showed that cholera was spread by dirty water?

  John Snow
• In 1854, what did Snow identify as the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho?

  The Broad Street Pump
• What nudged the government to take action?

  Snow’s findings; the great stink in 1858
• What actions did the government take from the 1860s to improve living conditions in cities?

  1300 miles of sewers built by 1865; demolished slums in Birmingham
• What was passed in 1875?

  A second Public Health Act