C4

• What is formed when a metal reacts with oxygen?

  When a metal reacts with oxygen a metal oxide is formed.

  
• What is an oxidation reaction?

  Oxidation is the gaining of oxygen.

  
• What is reduction reaction?

  Reduction is the loss of oxygen.

  
• What is the reactivity series?

  The reactivity series places metals in increasing order of reactivity.

  (PLEASE STOP CALLING ME A CARELESS ZEBRA INSTEAD TRY LEARNING HOW COPPER SAVES GOLD)

  
• What does the reactivity of a metal depend on?

  The reactivity of a metal depends on its ability to lose electrons and form a positive ion.

  
• Are unreactive metals found as the metal itself in the earth?

  Unreactive metals are found as the metal itself in the earth.

  
• What happens to some metals as they form compounds?

  Some metals react with oxygen to form compounds, so they must be extracted.

  
• How are metals extracted from compounds?

  A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its compound.
• Why is carbon used to displace metals?

  Carbon is used to displace metals as it is relatively cheap.

  
• How are metals less reactive than carbon extracted?

  Metals less reactive than carbon are extracted through reduction with carbon.
• What is oxidation in terms of electrons?

  Oxidation is the loss of electrons.

  
• What is reduction in terms of electrons?

  Reduction is the gain of electrons.

  
• What is OLIRIG?


  Oxidation is loss of electrons.

  Reduction is gain of electrons.
• What ions are produced in aqueous solutions? (acids)

  In an aqueous solution, H+ ions (hydrogen) are produced.

  
• What do bases do?

  Bases are chemicals (usually metal oxides/hydroxides) that can neutralize acids.

  
• What do metals produce when reacted with acid?

  Acid + Metals produce salt and water.
• What ions are produced in an aqueous solution? (alkalis)

  In an aqueous solution, alkalis produce hydroxide ions. (OH-)
• What does the pH scale indicate?

  0 - RED (ACID)

  7 - GREEN (NEUTRAL)

  14 - PURPLE (ALKALINE)

  
• What is the equation for neutralization?

  The equation for neutralization is:

  H+ + OH- = H20

  
• What are the endings of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid?

  Hydrochloric acid: -chloride

  Sulfuric acid: -sulfate

  
• What do all acids contain?

  All acids contain hydrogen.
• What metals can displace hydrogen?

  Metals more reactive than hydrogen can displace it.

  
• Why does iron have a slow reaction in dilute acids?

  Iron has slow reactions in dilute acids as it cannot easily form a positive ion.

  
• What are the ions produced by salts?

  Hydrochloric acid = chlorides

  Sulfuric acid = sulfates

  Nitric acid = nitrates
• Where does the positive ions from salts come from?

  Positive ions from salts come from bases/alkalis.
• Where does the negative ions from salts come from?

  Negative ions from salts come from acids.
• What is produced when an acid reacts with metal carbonates?

  Salt, Water, Carbon Dioxide

  
• What happens to strong acids in aqueous solutions?

  Strong acids fully ionise in aqueous solutions.

  
• What happens to weak acids in aqueous solutions?

  Weak acids partially ionise in aqueous solutions.

  
• What does the pH scale tell us about strong acids?

  Strong acids have a lower pH than weak acids
• What happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions as pH scale decreases by one unit?

  As the pH scale decreases by one unit, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases by ten times (1 order of magnitude).

  
• What does the concentration of an acid tell us about the amount of acid molecules?

  Dilute acids - low amount of acid molecules

  Concentrated acids - higher amount of acid molecules
• Why cannot ionic compounds conduct electricity as solids?

  Ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity as solids as ions are not free to move due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
• What are liquids that can conduct electricity called?

  Liquids that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes.
• What are the two electrodes called?

  Anode and cathode are the two electrodes.

  
• What is PANIC?


  Positive Anode Negative Is Cathode.
• What electrode are positive ions attracted to?

  Positive ions are attracted to the cathode (negative electrode)
• What happens to Pb2+ at the cathode?

  Pb2+ gains two electrons to form pB atoms. (REDUCTION)

  
• What happens to Br- at the anode?

  Br- loses an electron to form Br atoms. (OXIDATION)
• Reduction - anode or cathode?

  Reduction happens at the cathode (as electrons are gained)