no clue so need to focus here

• paradigm

  A set of assumptions shared by the majority of people in a scientific field
• paradigm shift


  A significant change to the agreed upon set of assumptions

  eg. the finding that the Earth orbits the sun rather than the other way around
• correlational analysis

  A test of the relationship between two continuous variables, usually plotted on a scattergram
• quasi experiment


  A study involving an independent variable which has already occurred, where the IV is a characteristic

  eg. gender
• natural experiment


  the experimenter observes the effects of a naturally occurring event or situation on the dependent variable without manipulating any variables
• directional hypothesis

  'one-tailed' - A testable statement which predicts the direction of a change or difference

  • It anticipates more specifically what might happen.
  • Researchers often use a directional hypothesis when there is previous research supporting a particular theory or outcome.
• non directional hypothesis


  predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified

  • two-tailed hypothesis, because it allows for the possibility of a positive or a negative outcome
• null hypothesis

  the statement predicts that one variable doesnt affect the other - no relationship exists
• inter rater reliability/observation

  refers to the degree of agreement or consistency among different raters or observers when they independently assess or evaluate the same phenomenon, such as scoring tests, or rating behaviors. 

  • is a measure of how reliable or consistent the judgments or ratings of multiple raters are
• type 1 error

  A false positive - When the alternate hypothesis is accepted incorrectly and the null hypothesis rejected incorrectly
• type 2 error

  A false negative - When the alternate hypothesis is rejected incorrectly and the null hypothesis is accepted incorrectly