Medicine

• 1. What did people think caused illness?

  Punishment from God

  misalignment of stars

  miasma

  unbalanced humours
• 1. What were the four humours?

  Blood

  Phlegm

  Choler

  Black bile
• 1. Who came up with the theory of the four humours?

  Hippocrates
• 1. Who wrote more than 350 about the theory of four humors?

  Galen
• 1. What was miasma?

  bad air that caused disease
• 1. What was an influential institution controlling medical learning?

  The Church
• 1. what was invented in 1440?

  printing press
• 1. who criticised the theory of four humours but still continued to practice medicine the old way?

  Henri de Mondeville
• 1. What religious treatment existed?

  praying

  fasting

  pilgrimages

  the kings touch
• 1. what supernatural treatment was there?

  charms

  incantations

  astrology
• 1. what humoural treatments existed?

  blood-letting

  purging
• 1. what were herbal remedies?

  herbal infusions to sniff, drink or bathe in
• 1. what was a common remedy?

  theriaca
• 1. name two famous herbal instruction manuals?

  materia medica, circa instans
• 1. how was illness and disease prevented?

  religious faith

  hygiene

  diet

  purifying the air
• 1. how long was a medical degree?

  7-10 years
• 1. what did physicians do?


  diagnose illness

  recommend treatment
• 1. what did apothecaries do?


  mix herbal remedies
• 1. what did barber-surgeons do?

  performed small surgeries
• 1. how many hospitals were there by 1500?

  1100
• 1. what did hospitals do?

  rest and recovery, not treatment
• 1. where were most sick people treated?

  at home
• 1. what was the black death and when did it arrive?

  bubonic plague, 1348
• 1. what was the best way to prevent the black death?

  escaping
• 2. who rejected the theory of four humours in the 1500s?

  paracelsus
• 2. who theorised that disease spread through the air in 1546?

  girolamo fracastoro
• 2. who suggested blood circulated around the body, contradicting galen?

  william harvey 1628
• 2. whos work led to better understanding of the digestive system in the 1600s?

  jan bapiste van helmont
• 2. who led to the development of new microscopes in the 1600s?

  robert hooke
• 2. which book showed detailed images revealed by microscopes?


  micrographia 1665
• 2. which medical textbook was written by thomas sydenham, theorising illness was caused by external factors rather than the four humours?


  observationes medicae 1676
• 2. who had developed more powerful microscopes by 1683 that allowed bacteria to be seen?

  antony van leewenhoek
• 2. what were the effects of the printing press?


  sharing ideas faster

  church no longer in control of distribution of books
• 2. what organisation met for the first time in london in 1660?

  the royal society
• 2. what was the motto of the royal society?


  take nobody's word for it
• 2. what was the scientific journal published by the royal society?

  philosophical transactions
• 2. what treatments continued to be used?

  humoural treatments

  herbal remedies
• 2. what new treatments were there?

  transference

  chemical cures
• 2. what prevention methods continued to be used?

  avoiding disease

  keeping clean
• 2. what new prevention methods were there?

  street cleaning

  changing clothes regularly

  new superstitions