DNA -GENES AND GENOMES

• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic acid, the chemical that all of our genetic material is made of
• DNA


  • It's a polymer made up of lots of similar units stuck together
  • It has two strands which are stuck together to form a double helix
• If you unraveled all the DNA in a single cell, the strand would be over two meters long</b>
• Chromosome


  A really tight coil of DNA, there are 46 chromosomes in each of our cells
• There are only 23 different types of chromosomes, as we have two of each type, one from each parent
• Sex chromosomes


  The 23rd pair of chromosomes, women have two X chromosomes, men have one X and one Y
• Chromosomes only look like an X shape just before cell division, usually they look more like a single coil
• Gene


  A small section of DNA that codes for a particular type of protein
• There are only 20 different types of amino acids, but they can be combined in many different sequences to form thousands of different proteins
• Genome


  The entire set of genetic material in an organism
• Scientists have now worked out the complete human genome, the entire code that our DNA holds
• Genes can either cause a particular disease (inherited disease) or just increase the risk of a disease
• Genomes can be used to trace the migrations of our ancestors by looking at small differences between populations
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that contains all the genetic information needed to build and maintain living organisms.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries genetic information from one generation to the next.
• Genes are segments of DNA that contain information about specific traits or characteristics, such as eye color or height.
• The human genome is the complete set of genetic instructions that make up an individual.
• A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.
• Protein synthesis involves two main stages: transcription and translation
• A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
• A chromosome is a long strand of DNA that contains many genes.
• A gene mutation occurs when there is a change in the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which can alter its function or expression.
• An allele is a variant form of a gene.
• Transcription occurs inside the nucleus where RNA polymerase reads the base sequence on one strand of DNA and makes a complementary copy using free ribonucleotides
• The Human Genome Project was an international effort to sequence the entire human genome and identify all its genes.
• A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule.
• Mutations can occur spontaneously due to errors during cell division or exposure to environmental factors like radiation or chemicals.
• Chromosomes are structures within cells that carry genes and other genetic material.
• The structure of DNA consists of two strands twisted together into a double helix shape.
• Some mutations may have no effect on health, while others can lead to inherited diseases or cancer.
• Gene expression refers to the process by which genes are turned on or off to control cellular functions
• During cell division, the chromosomes replicate to ensure that each new cell receives a full copy of the genetic material.
• Ribosomes are cellular structures where proteins are synthesized using the information encoded in DNA.
• Chromosomal abnormalities occur when there are changes to the number or structure of chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, or rearrangements.
• Chromosomal abnormalities occur when there are changes to the number or structure of chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, or rearrangements.
• Mutations can occur spontaneously due to errors during replication or exposure to mutagens like radiation or chemicals.
• Chromosomes can be identified by their size and shape under a microscope.
• The genotype refers to an individual's complete set of genetic information, while the phenotype describes their observable traits.
• Transcription is the process by which a segment of DNA is copied into mRNA
• Each organism has a unique number of chromosomes, which determines its species.