HOSA

• Central Nervous System


  brain and spinal cord
• Spinal cord


  long cylinder of neural tissue from the medulla of the brain to the middle of the back
• Peripheral nervous system


  the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
• Sensory neurons


  carry information from the external environment/body to the CNS
• Motor neurons


  carry commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body
• Interneurons


  neurons that have neither sensory nor motor functions
• Brainstem


  part of the brain that includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla
• Medulla


  the base of the brainstem, right above the spinal cord
• What does the medulla do

  manages essential functions for life like heart rate and blood pressure
• Pons


  part of the brainstem that's in between the medulla and midbrain
• Cerebellum


  at the back of the brain, attached to the brainstem that is involved in movements and cognitive processing
• Midbrain


  top of the brainstem that is involved in sensory reflexes, movement, and pain
• Reticular formation


  nerve network that goes through the brainstem involved with mood, arousal, and sleep
• Thalamus


  involved with sensory information, states of arousal, learning, and memory
• Basal ganglia


  a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
• Hypothalamus


  involved with regulation/maintenance activities (thirst, hunger, etc.)
• Hippocampus


  participates with memory processing
• Cingulate cortex, and what do the front and back segments do

  structure above the corpus callosum

  - front segment: decision-making and emotion

  - back segment: memory and visual processing
• Amygdala


  two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
• Nucleus accumbens


  a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction
• Cerebral cortex


  thin layer of neurons on the outside of the cerebral hemispheres
• Frontal lobe


  the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in complex cognitive processes
• Parietal lobe


  top of the head and toward; receives sensory input for touch and body position
• Occipital lobe


  back of the brain; involved with vision
• Temporal lobe


  on the sides, involved with hearing
• Somatic nervous system


  part of the peripheral nervous system that brings sensory information to the central nervous system and tells commands to muscles
• Autonomic nervous system


  part of the peripheral nervous system that controls glands, muscles, and organs
• Sympathetic nervous system


  subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with alertness/arousal
• Parasympathetic nervous system


  subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved with rest/repair
• Enteric nervous system


  subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is the nervous system of the digestive system
• Neuron


  cell of the nervous system that sends and receives neural information
• Cell body


  biggest part of a neuron, contains the nucleus
• Axon


  long branch of a neuron that is responsible for transmitting information to other neurons
• Dendrite


  branch-like parts of a neuron that receive information
• Myelin


  layer of fatty substance that protects the axon
• Action potential


  the electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon
• Resting potential


  the electrical charge when a neuron is not processing information
• Synapse


  a small gap between neuron that are communicating
• Neurotransmitter


  chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
• Receptor


  special structure in the membrane of a neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters that were released by other neurons