Encoding

• Shallow processing


  Type of processing that requires little elaboration with a focus on superficial or perceptual elements
• Deep processing


  Type of processing focusing on meaning with deeper elaboration. Processing type that leads to more retention
• Visual encoding


  Encoding using the things we see, like the fact that a word is italicized and its color
• Acoustic encoding


  Encoding using sound elements, like remembering a word by what it rhymed with
• Semantic encoding


  Encoding by meaning, like remembering which category a word belongs to
• Massed practice


  Spacing effect where you try to encode information all at once, like cramming
• Distributed practice


  Spacing effect where you encode over multiple time periods, which is most effective at getting long-term memories and actual knowledge, like spaced repetition
• Spacing effect


  What we see when distributed practice leads to more long-term retention over massed practice
• Testing effect


  Having to retrieve information through assessment like practice questions is better for retention than restudying or rereading
• Serial position effect


  Order effect where the middle items on a list you're trying to memorize are the least remembered, linked with the recency effect and the primacy effect
• Recency effect


  Order effect where the last items on a list are remembered best immediately after presentation, because they are at the top of the working memory
• Primacy effect


  Ordering effect where the first items on a list are remembered best, and are most likely to get stored in your long-term memory
• Chunking


  Organizing effect where you cluster items into units, especially if meaningful, like 3-digit clusters when trying to remember a phone number
• Mnemonics


  Organizing effect that uses memory devices usually with association or imagery to remember things, like key word method
• Hierarchies


  Organizing effect where you create categories with subdivisions to remember them better