war

• when was the Crimean War?

  1853 - 1856 under Alexander II
• Impacts of Crimean war on Government

  Introduction of zemstvo

  central government remained the same

  damaged Russia's reputation

  Treat of Paris diminished Russians influence
• what was the Treaty of Paris 1856?


  made the black sea neutral territory which reduced Russia's influence significantly
• Impact of Crimean War on society?

  lost 450,000 people

  reforms in education

  reforms in church

  emancipation of serfs

  conscription to army reduced from 25 years to 6
• Crimean war impact on economy

  Russian empire in debt

  war highlighted Russia was behind the west

  expansion of railway

  emancipation allowed for modernization of rural labor into industry
• When was the Russo-Japanese war?

  1904-1905 under Nicholas II
• Impact of Russo-Japanese war on government


  Russia lost its status as a world power

  autocracy remained no real changes

  may have lead to 1905 revolution and october manifesto
• Impact of Russo-Japanese war on society

  living standards neglected

  urban working conditions were poor

  high health problems

  strikes at putilov
• impact of Russo-Japanese war on economy

  Russia losing Manchuria lead to disruption in trade

  War reveled technological superiority of Japan

  communications and transport weaknesses e.g trans-siberian railways was not fully complete

  cost of war lead to inflation
• 1905 revolution


  under Nicholas II

  started by protesters being killed - bloody sunday

  lead to october manifesto and introduction of duma

  ultimately did not change anything as fundamental laws 1906 upheld autocracy
• When was the first world war?

  1914-1918

  under nicholas II, PG and Lenin
• Impact of WWI on the government

  Nicholas II forced to abdicate due to poor leadership

  formation of the only democracy - PG

  October revolution and the start of communism
• impact of WWI on the economy

  war cost 3 billion roubles

  war financed through foreign loans, war bonds and increase in tax

  prices rose by 400%
• impact of WWI on society

  autocratic, democratic, communist society from all in a year

  8 million russian casualties

  1.7 million russians dead

  food shortages

  social unrest
• February revolution 1917


  end of tsardom

  promise of democracy

  dual authority - pg and petrograd soviets
• October revolution 1917 impact on government

  promised dictatorship of proletariat

  members of PG were arrested

  constituent assembly shut down

  single party state

  Bolsheviks given mandate to rule

  totalitarian government
• october revolution impact on economy

  banks and industry nationalized

  land declared social property

  houses partitioned according to family needs
• when was the civil war?

  1917 - 1921 under Lenin
• what were the causes of the civil war?

  WWI and the treaty of Brest-Litovsk

  increased food shortages

  national minorities saw it as an opportunity to gain freedom
• social impact of the civil war


  war communism led to significant unrest

  famine 1921

  1917-1922 8 million people were lost
• economic impact of the civil war


  introduction of war communism

  nationalisation of large enterprises

  state monopoly of workers

  militarisation of labour

  forced grain requisitioning

  short term impacts of the NEP were positive
• political impact of the civil war

  defeat within Poland brought humiliation

  War lasted 4 years showing strength of opposition

  lenin was forced to adopt a more passive foreign policy

  did not abandon world revolution

  one party state was not able to be established immediately

  war resulted in bolshevik dictatorship

  NEP went against communist ideas
• when was WWII?


  1941-1945 under stalin
• causes of WWII


  Communism vs Nazism

  1939 nazi-soviet pact broken by nazi invasion
• political impact of WW11

  little impact on structure of government

  the number of people joining the party increased

  NKVD was very active

  strengthened stalins cult of personality

  russia was allowed to keep territories it had gained

  war worsened relations with the west
• social impact of WW11

  27 million russians dead

  5 million russians POWs

  decrease in living standards
• economic impact of WW11

  Impacted industrial and rural infrastructure

  scorched earth policy meant damaged agricultural land and resources

  4th 5YP created to restore soviet economy this was successful
• when was the cold war?

  1946-1964

  under Stalin and Khrushchev
• economic impact of the cold war

  economy focused on nuclear arms and space race

  developments for space race helped russia evolve

  detriment to consumer goods

  USSR not financially strong enough to be in another war
• social impact of the cold war

  unrest - Novocherkassk workers protest 1962

  food shortages

  housing stock collapsed
• political impact of cold war

  cuban missile crisis damaged Khrushchevs reputation

  destalinisation

  poor relations with china

  new foreign policy of peaceful coexistence

  cold war had no real effect on government