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• Individual


  (formerly referred to as the client or patient)
• Bow Valley College Spheres of Caring conceptual framework


  • Defines what caring might look like in nursing practice
• Person-centered care


  Planning, delivery and evaluation of healthcare that is tailored towards the needs of an individual
• Nursing behaviours that demonstrate person-centered care


  • Empowers an individual to actively participate
  • Develops an understanding between his/her/their environment and self
  • Provides information or the tools to achieve individual's goals
  • Acts as a resource, respects and honors their choices and decisions
  • Uses open ended questions, listens with openness, is non-judgmental, empathizes
• Diversity


  Relates to the Canadian population
• Components of a cultural assessment

  • Ethnohistory
  • Social organization
  • Socioeconomic status, biocultural ecology and health risks
  • Language and communication
  • Religion and spirituality
  • Caring beliefs and practices
  • Experience with health care
• Spirituality


  Meaning and purpose
• Religion, spirituality and health

  Relationship between them
• Determinants of Health


  • Income
  • Social supports networks
  • Education and literacy
  • Employment and working conditions
  • Physical Environment
  • Biological and genetic endowments
  • Individual health practices & Coping strategies
  • Health childhood development
  • Gender
  • Culture
  • Social environment
• Ethnicity


  Refers to a group of people who share a common identity
• Race


  Limited to the common biological attributes such as skin color shared by a group
• Ethnocentrism


  Tendency to view their own way of life as more valuable thank others
• Discrimination


  Treating people unfairly on the basis of their group membership
• Racism

  Involves specific actions and an attitude where by one group exerts power over others on the basis of either skin colour or racial heritage
• Transcultural Nursing


  Comparative study of cultures understanding of similarities and differences across human groups in order to provide meaningful and beneficial delivery of health care
• Acculturation


  The process of adapting to and adopting characteristic of a new culture
• Cultural Safety


  Considers redistributing the power and resources in the relationship
• Cultural Awareness


  Becoming more self-aware of your biases and attitudes about human behaviour is the first step to providing person centred care
• Cultural sensitivity


  When you understand that diversity exists and its is legit. You understand that your values, believes and attitudes can have an impact on others
• Stereotypes


  Opinion of a person or group that is not bases on facts
• Bias


  Preference for or rejection of a thing/person/group can be explicit or implicit
• Prejudice


  Assumption or pre judgement made based on incorrect and unjustified attitude, feelings and beliefs
• Key terms


  • Acculturation
  • Assimilation
  • Cultural assessment guide
  • Cultural diversity
  • Ethnicity
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Gender equality
  • Multiculturalism
  • Transcultural Nursing
• Critical thinking


  A complex phenomenon - a process & set of skills. Recognition that an issues exists, analyzing info, evaluating & conclusions. The use of evidence informed knowledge & clinical decision making.
• Levels of critical thinking

  • Basic
  • Complex
  • Commitment
• Basic level of critical thinking

  • Concrete & based on a set of rules & principles
• Complex critical thinking


  • Start to separate your thinking from those of experts - examine your choices more independently
  • Consider others opinions, patient preferences
  • More creative and innovative
• Commitment critical thinking


  • You anticipate the need to make choices without assistance from other professionals, assume responsibility and accountability
• Components of critical thinking

  • Knowledge base
  • Experience
  • Competencies
  • Attitudes
  • Standards
• General critical thinking


  • Scientific method
  • Problem solving
  • Decision making
• Scientific method


  1. Identification of the problem

  2. Data collection

  3. Formulation of a research question or hypothesis

  4. Testing of the question or hypothesis

  5. Evaluation of the results of the test study
• Problem solving


  A problem arises, people obtain information and then use the information to find a solution. Evaluating the solution over time
• Decision making


  • Need to choose a course of action from several options, productive of critical thinking that focuses on problem resolution
  • Leads to informed conclusions supported by evidence and reason
• Diagnostic reasoning


  Process of determining a patient's health status after you make physical and behavioural observations
• Clinical inference


  Process of drawing conclusions from related pieces of evidence, forming patterns of information from data
• Clinical reasoning


  Cognitive process of thinking about patients issues making inferences and deciding actions to be implemented
• Clinical decision making


  Defining patient problems and selecting appropriate interventions. Noticing or grasping the situation, interpreting or developing sufficient understanding, respond/ decide course of action
• Attitudes


  • Interpreting
  • Evaluation
  • Making judgements
• Intellectual standards


  • Thoroughness
  • Precision
  • Accuracy
  • Consistency
• Professional standards


  • Ethical criteria for nursing judgments
  • Evidence-based criteria used for evaluation
  • Criteria for professional responsibility