PSYC 301

• left for language, right for spatial
• Pattern 1: focal lesion, focal deficit (highly specialized), e.g., left fusiform gyrus

  Pattern 2: multifocal lesion, multiple deficits, e.g., multiple sclerosis

  Pattern 3: large lesion with multiple deficits. e.g., Left MCA (superior branch) territory

  Pattern 4: mass lesion with minimal deficits. Occur in a non-specialized region usually pareital lobe and happen slowly over time.

  Pattern 5: focal lesion, deficits associated with other brain regions (implications of network connectivity)

  Pattern 6: focal lesion, many deficits. e.g., left medulla
• long term memory consists of?

  explicit (declarative) + implicit (non-declarative)
• explicit memory is composed of?

  episodic (events) + semantic (facts)

  episodic = retrospective + prospective
• implicit memory is composed of?

  procedural (skills) + conditioning + priming
• Operationally, prospective memory involves:

  1. Formation of an intention.
  2. Delay, in which the intention leaves the focus of attention.
  3. Task execution.
• frontal systems contributions?

  working memory, source memory

  orgnanization at encoding (semantic and temporal)

  strategic search at retrieval
• medial temporal is most involved in

  episodic memory (encoding and consolidation)
• frontal-subcortical system is mostly involved in

  retrieval

  working memory
• confabulation requires BOTH medial temporal + frontal damage
• expressive aphasia

  difficulty with speaking, broca's
• receptive aphasia

  difficulty with understanding what others say, Wenicke's
• aphasia usually also affects reading and writing
• aphasia isn't:

  1. vocab loss
  2. slurring (dysarthria)
  3. vocal chord damage
  4. hearing problem
• characteristics of Broca's aphasia:

  1. non-fluent
  2. effortful, halting
  3. compensatory behaviors (e.g., gestures, circumlocution, generic word substitutions)
  4. comprehension preserved
  5. omits grammatical function words.
• characteristics of Wenicke's aphaisa:

  1. fluent but nonsensical
  2. comprehension impaired
  3. poor awareness of deficits
• speech errors in aphasia:

  1. anomic errors - broca's - word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say particularly nouns and verbs.
  2. phonemic paraphasias - broca's - dat instead of hat
  3. semantic paraphasias - wenicke's - son instead of daughter, orange instead of apple
  4. neologisms - wenicke's
• Apraxia of speech:

  • disruption in the phasing of movements involved in speech
  • characterized by slow speech rate, segmentation of syllables, trial and error articulatory movements, increased difficulty with increased length and complexity of utterances
  • often accompanies (nonfluent) aphasia
• Aprosodia is usually associated with RIGHT frontoparietal (expression) or temporal parietal (comprehension).
• What is alexia?

  1. “acquired dyslexia”
  2. difficulty with reading, accompanied by difficulty writing (agraphia) and aphasia
  3. types of reading/writing errors differ by lesion location