Endocrine

• Hypothalamus

  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • Somatostatin
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone
  • Prolactin-releasing factor
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
• Anterior pituitary gland

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Growth hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
• Posterior pituitary gland

  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Oxytocin
• Thyroid gland

  • Calcitonin
  • Thyroxine
  • Triiodothyronine
• Parathyroid gland

  • Parathyroid hormone
• Adrenal medulla

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
• Adrenal cortex

  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
• Pancreas

  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
• Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

  Anterior Lobe Hormone

  Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

  • Controls secretion of certain hormones from the adrenal cortex
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus

  Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

  • Development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries; stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen; in males, stimulates production of sperm cells
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) from the hypothalamus
• Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

  Anterior Lobe Hormone

  Growth hormone (GH)

  • Stimulates increase in size and rate of division of body cells; enhances movement of amino acids through membranes; promotes growth of long bones
  • Secretion inhibited by somatostatin (SS) and stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus

  Prolactin (PRL)

  • Sustains milk production after birth; amplifies effect of LH in males
  • Secretion inhibited by prolactin-release inhibiting hormone (PIH) and may be stimulated by yet to be identified prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) from the hypothalamus
• Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

  Anterior Lobe Hormone

  Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

  • Controls secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus

  Luteinizing hormone (LH)

  • Promotes secretion of sex hormones; releases egg cell in females
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus
• Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

  Posterior Lobe Hormone

  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  • Causes kidneys to reduce water excretion; in high concentration, raises blood pressure
  • Hypothalamus in response to changes in blood water concentration and blood volume

  Oxytocin (OT)

  • Contracts muscles in uterine wall and those associated with milk-secreting glands
  • Hypothalamus in response to stretch in uterine and vaginal walls and stimulation of breasts
• Hormones of the Thyroid Gland

  Thyroxine (T4)

  • Increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates increases rate of protein synthesis; accelerates growth, stimulates activity in the nervous system
  • TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

  Triodothyronin (T3)

  • Same as above, but five times more potent than thyroxine
  • Same as above
• Hormones of the Thyroid Gland

  Calcitonin

  • Lowers blood calcium and phosphate in concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium, and phosphate ions from bones and by increasing the rate at which calcium and phosphate ions are deposited in bones, increases excretion of calcium by the kidneys
  • Elevated blood calcium ion concentration, digestive hormones
• Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

  Hypothyroid

  Hashimoto disease

  • Autoantibodies (against self) attack thyroid cells, resulting in hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism (infantile)

  • Cretinism-stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, low body temperature, sluggishness
• Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

  Hypothyroid

  Hypothyroidism (adult)

  • Myxedema-low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, sluggishness, poor appetite, swollen tissues, mental dullness

  Simple goiter

  • Deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency; because no thyroid hormones inhibit pituitary release of TSH, thyroid is overstimulated and enlarges but functions below normal (hypothyroidism)
• Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

  Hyperthyroid

  Hyperthyroidism

  • High metabolic rate, sensitivity to heat, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss, protruding eyes, goiter

  Graves disease

  • Autoantibodies (against elf) bind TSH receptors on thyroid cell membranes, mimicking action of TSH, overstimulating gland (hyperthyroidism); exopthalmia (protrusion of the eyes) and goiter
• Disorders of the Parathyoid Glands

  Hyperpathyodism

  • Fatigue, muscular weakens, painful pints ated mental unctions, design, eight os one weakening Increased PT secretion overstimulates osteoclasts.
  • Tumor
  • Remove tumor, correct bone deformities

  Hypoparathyoidism

  • Muscle camps and seizures Deceased PTH secretion reduce oteclast activity diminishing bod calcium ion concentration.
  • adverted surgical removal injury
  • Calcium salt injections, massive doses of vitamin D
• Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

  Aldosterone

  • Helps regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions and excreting potassium ions
  • Electrolyte concentrations in bodyfuids and renin-angiotensin mechanism

  Cortisol

  • Decreases protein synthesis incease aty cid elease, and simulates glucose synthesis tom noncarohydrates
  • CRH from the hypothalamus and ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland

  Adrenal androgens

  • Supplement sex hormones rom the gonads may be converted into estrogens
• Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets

  Glucagon

  • Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose; stimulates breakdown of fats
  • Blood glucose concentration

  Insulin

  • Promotes formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration; promotes transport of amino acids into cells; enhances synthesis of proteins and fats
  • Blood glucose concentration

  Somatostatin

  • Helps regulate carbohydrates

  Not determined
• Pineal Gland

  • Secretes melatonin
  • Regulates circadian rhythms
• Thymus Gland

  • Secretes thymosins
  • Promotes development of certain lymphocytes
  • Important in role of immunity
• Reproductive Organs

  • Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone
  • Testes produce testosterone
  • Placenta produces estrogens, progesterone, and gonadotropin