abpsych

• Psychological disorder


  A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typically expected or culturally expected

  
• Prototype


  How the apparent disease or disorder matches a "typical" profile of a disorder. The patient may have only some features or symptoms of the disorder (a minimum number) and still meet criteria for the disorder because his or her set of symptoms is close to the prototype
• Psychological dysfunction


  • A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
• Distress or impairment


  • Distress: The behavior must be associated with distress to be classified as a disorder. Impairment: If you are so shy that you find it impossible to date or even interact with people and you make every attempt to avoid interactions even though you would like to have friends
• Atypical or not culturally expected


  • Behavior that it deviates from the average or violating social norms
• Psychopathology


  The scientific study of psychological disorders
• Mental health professionals

  • Counseling Psychologists
  • Clinical Psychologists
  • Psychiatrists
  • Psychiatric Social Workers
  • Psychiatric Nurses
  • Marriage and Family Therapists
  • Mental Health Counselors
• Scientist-practitioner


  • Keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field and therefore use the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures

  1. Evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work
  2. Might conduct research that produces new information about disorders or their treatment
• Presenting problem


  Patient "presents" with a specific problem or set of problems
• Prevalence


  How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder
• Incidence


  How many new cases occur during a given period
• Course


  • Chronic
  • Episodic
  • Time-limited
• Onset

  Acute: Begin suddenly

  Insidious: Develop gradually over an extended period
• Prognosis

  The anticipated course of a disorder
• Branches of psychology

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Developmental Psychopathology
  • Life-Span Developmental Psychopathology
• Etiology


  The study of origins and has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions
• Historical conceptions of abnormal behavior

  • Supernatural tradition
  • Biological tradition
  • Psychological tradition
• Supernatural tradition: Demons and witches


  • Exorcism
  • Shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair
  • Securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church
• Supernatural tradition: Stress and melancholy


  • Rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment
  • Bath, ointments, and various potions
  • Moved from house to house in medieval villages
• Supernatural tradition: Treatments for possession

  • Exorcisms
  • Hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes
  • Dunkings in ice-cold water
• Supernatural tradition: Mass hysteria


  • Saint Vitus's Dance / Tarantism
• Emotion contagion


  The experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us
• Mob psychology


  A shared response. If one person identifies a "cause" of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source
• Paracelsus


  The movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people's psychological functioning
• Hippocrates


  • Believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity (genetics)

  Considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion

  Coined the term 'Hysteria'
• Wandering uterus theory


  The physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness. The presumed cause was that the empty uterus wandered to various parts of the body in search of conception
• Galen


  • Adopted the ideas of Hippocrates

  Humoral theory of disorders: Disease resulted from too much or too little of one of the humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)

  Movement of air or wind throughout the body (Chinese)
• Syphilis


  • Advanced syphilis caused symptoms like believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur)

  Germ theory of disease facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis
• General paresis


  Consistent symptoms and a consistent course that resulted in death unlike syphilis. Deteriorated steadily, becoming paralyzed and dying within 5 years of onset
• John P. Grey


  • Rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation

  Invented the rotary fan to ventilate his large hospital
• Emil Kraepelin


  • One of the first to distinguish among various psychological disorders, each with different age of onset, time course, presenting symptoms, and probable causes
• Plato


  • Thought that the two causes of maladaptive behavior were the social and cultural influences in one's life and the learning that took place in that environment
• Aristotle


  • Emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology
• Moral therapy


  • Greek Asclepiad temples

  Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin

  Benjamin Rush
• Moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention
• Dorothea Dix


  • Campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity. Everyone who needed care received it, including the homeless
• Animal magnetism


  An undetectable fluid found in all living organisms that could become blocked, according to Franz Anton Mesmer
• Jean-Martin Charcot


  • Head of the Salpétrière Hospital
• Moral therapy


  Worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer, allowing for a great deal of individual attention
• Dorothea Dix (1802–1887)


  • A schoolteacher who campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity
  • Everyone who needed care received it, including the homeless