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• Research


  The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
• Research problem


  1. Any significant, perplexing and challenging situation, real or artificial, the solution of which requires reflective thinking 2) A perplexing situation after it has been translated into question or series of questions that help determine the direction of subsequent inquiry
• Elements of a research problem

  • Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation
  • The subject matter or topic to be investigated
  • The place or locale where the research is to be conducted
  • The period or time of the study during which the data are to be gathered
  • Population or universe from whom the data are to be collected
• Guidelines in the selection of a research problem or topic

  • The research problem or topic must be chosen by the researcher himself
  • It must be within the interest of the researcher
  • It must be within the specialization of the researcher
  • It must be within the competence of the researcher to tackle
  • It must be within the ability of the researcher to finance
  • It is researchable and manageable
• Title


  Guidelines in writing the title: 1) Generally the title is formulated before the start of the research work. It may be revised and refined later if there is a need. 2) The title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locale of the study, the population involved, and the period when the data were gathered or will be gathered. 3) It must be as brief and concise as possible. 4) Avoid using the terms "An Analysis of," "A Study of," "An Investigation of". 5) If the title contains more than one line, it must be written like an inverted pyramid, all words in CAPITAL LETTERS.
• Contents of Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting

  • Introduction
  • Objectives of the Study
  • Conceptual Framework
  • Significance or Importance of the Study
  • Scope and Delimitation of the Study
  • Definition of Terms
• Introduction


  Presentation of the problem, rationale of the study, historical background of the problem, a desire to have a deeper and clearer understanding, a desire to find a better way of doing something or of improving a product, a desire to discover something, a link between the introduction and the statement of the problem
• Statement of the problems

  1. The general statements of the problem and the specific sub-problems or questions should be formulated first before conducting the research. 2) It is customary to state specific sub-problems in the interrogative form. 3) Each specific question must be clear and unequivocal, that is, it has only one meaning. 4) Each specific question is researchable apart from the other questions. 5) Answer to each specific question can be interpreted apart from the answer to other specific questions. 6) Answers to each specific question must contribute to the development of the whole research problem or topic. 7) Summing up the answers to all specific questions will give a complete development of the entire study. 8) The number of specific questions should be enough to cover the development of the whole research problem or study.
• Objectives of the study

  Objective/s of the study must answer the problems
• Conceptual framework


  A tentative explanation of the phenomenon or problem and serves as the basis for the formulation of research hypotheses. It becomes the central theme, the focus, the main thrust of the study and serves as a guide in conducting the investigation.
• Significance or importance of the study

  • The rationale, timeliness, and/or relevance of the study
  • Possible solutions to existing problems or improvement to unsatisfactory conditions
  • Who are to be benefitted and how they are going to be benefitted
  • Possible contribution to the fund of knowledge
  • Possible implications
• Guidelines in writing the scope and delimitations

  • A brief statement of the general purpose of the study
  • The subject matter and topics studied and discussed
  • The locale of the study, where the data were gathered or the entity to which the data belong
  • The population or universe from which the respondents were selected
  • The period of the study
• Limitations of the study


  Weaknesses of the study beyond the control of the researcher, especially true in descriptive research where the variables involved are uncountables or continuous variables such as adequacy, effectiveness, efficiency, extent, etc.
• Definition of terms


  1. Only terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique meaning in the study are defined. 2) Terms should be defined operationally, that is, how they are used in the study. 3) The researcher may develop his own definition from the characteristics of the term defined. 4) Definitions may be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazines and newspaper articles, dictionaries and other authoritative sources.
• The subject matter and topics studied and discussed
• The locale of the study, where the data were gathered or the entity to which the data belong
• The population or universe from which the respondents were selected
• The period of the study. This is the time, either months or years during which the data were gathered
• Limitations of the study


  The weaknesses of the study beyond the control of the researcher, especially true in descriptive research where the variables involved are uncountables or continuous variables such as adequacy, effectiveness, efficiency, extent, etc.
• Definition of terms


  • Only terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique meaning in the study are defined
  • Terms should be defined operationally, that is, how they are used in the study
  • The researcher may develop his own definition from the characteristics of the term defined
  • Definitions may be taken from published materials and are called conceptual or theoretical definitions
  • Definitions should be as brief, clear, and unequivocal as possible
  • Acronym should be spelled out fully especially if it is not commonly known or if it is used for the first time
• Related literature


  Discussion of facts and principles to which the present study is related
• Related studies


  Studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the preset proposed study is related or has some bearing similarity, usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations
• Classification of related literature and studies

  • Local (printed in the Philippines)
  • Foreign (printed on other lands)
• Characteristics of the materials cited

  • The materials must be as recent as possible
  • Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible
  • Materials must be relevant to the study
  • Materials must not be too few not too many. They must be sufficient enough to give the researcher insight into his problem or to indicate the nature of the present investigation
• Ways of citing related literature and studies

  • By author or writer
  • By topic
  • Chronological
• What to cite: Only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem under investigation should be discussed
• Sources of related literature and studies

  • Books, Encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references
  • Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other publications
  • Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and diaries
  • Unpublished theses and dissertations
• Methods of research


  The method of research used whether DESCRIPTIVE or EXPERIMENTAL should be explained briefly. The procedural part of the method, its appropriateness to the study, and some of its advantages should be give attention and should be well discussed.