Atomic Nuclear Stability

• Positron


  Are positively charged antiparticles that has an electric charge that is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton
• Electron cloud model


  A model where electrons orbit in random patterns and was proposed by erwin schrodinger
• John Dalton


  A british school teacher, he proposed the Ball Model
• Radiation


  is the energy given off my matter in the forms of rays or high-speed particles, it is the spontaneous emission of energy in the form of waves by unstable nuclei
• Two physical forms of radiation

  • Ionizing
  • Non-ionizing
• James Chadwick


  He discovered neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom. He proposed the neutron model.
• Neutron Model is the revision of rutherford's nuclear model
• Non-ionizing radiation

  • Radiowaves
  • Microwaves
  • Infrared
  • Visible light
  • Ultraviolet light
• Radioactivity


  Large unstable atoms become more stable by emitting radiation to get rid of excess atomic energy. The forces within the atom work towards a strong, stable balance by getting rid of excess energy. It is a process where unstable nuclei may emit a quantity of energy
• It is a decay process with a representation of Z+1 N-1

  Beta decay
• Positron Decay


  It is a decay process with a representation of Z-1 N+1
• Alpha Decay


  It is a decay process with a representation of Z-2 N-2
• Plum Pudding Model


  A model of a positive sphere with negative electrons dispersed throughout.
• Isotope


  Atoms of same elements with the same atomic no. but different mass no.
• Particle Radiation


  A tiny fast-moving particles that have energy and mass (weight)
• 2 particles that made up particle radiation:

  • Alpha particles
  • Beta particles
  • Neutrons
• Beta emitter


  Particle emitter that can be seen on top of the stability curve
• Decay Chain


  A radioactive series that charts the different types of radioactive decay a nucleus undergoes until a stable isotope is reached
• Electromagnetic Radiation


  Pure energy with no weight, its like vibrating or pulsating rays or waves of electrical and magnetic energy
• Examples of EMR

  • Sunlight (cosmic radiation)
  • x-ray
  • radar
  • Radio waves
• Beta Particles


  Similar to electrons, they are emitted from naturally occurring materials. Thay are used in medical application like treating eye disease
• Radioactive decay


  It can be emitted in the form of positively charges alpha particles, negatively charged beta particles, gamma rays, or x-rays.
• Neutron-rich


  Unstable nuclei above stability line
• Neutron-poor


  Unstable nuclei below stability line
• Nuclear Stability


  The nucleus of an element is stable, does not decay spontaneously emitting any kind of radioactivity.
• Nuclear Model


  The dense positive nucleus is surrounded by negative electrons.
• JJ Thomson


  He discovered negative particle called electrons. He performed cathode ray tube experiment and proposed the plum pudding model.
• Electron Cloud


  In Schrodinger's model, what do we call the region where electrons are found?
• Orbit or Shell


  The circular path that the electrons revolve around is called?
• Erwin Schrodinger


  He proposed electron cloud model that was based on Bohr's Planetary Model.
• Positron decay


  Unstable neutron-poor nuclei can become more stable by gaining neutrons
• Ball Model


  Proposed by John Dalton, he defined atom to be a ball-like structure
• Leucippus


  The mentor of Democritus and he claims that atoms are anything indivisible
• Electrons


  are negatively charges particles that has a charge that is equal and opposite tot he charge of a proton
• Democritus


  He coined the term atom, atomos in greek, which means indivisible and indestructible. He believed that all matter is made up of small particles called atoms
• All matter is composed of atom
• Parts of an atom:

  • nucleus
  • proton
  • neutron
  • electron
• Planetary Model


  An atomic model where electrons move in circular orbits within specific energy levels.
• Ernest Rutherford


  Her discovered the dense, positive charge in the center of an atom called nucleus. He performed the gold foil experiment and proposed the nuclear model. A student of JJ Thomson
• Beta Decay


  Unstable neutron-rich nuclei can become more stable by losing neutrons