Lesson 9

• discoveries of X-rays ( 1895)
• 1896 - Radioactivity
• 1897 - Discovery of electron
• 1911 - discovery of atomic nucleus
• Albert Einstein- theory of relativity
• Radioactive isotopes - They have been used as tracers in complicated chemical and biochemical reactions and have also found application in geological dating.
• Janssen team - introduction of microscope, paved way for the establishment of the cell theory and study of minute things.
• Charles Darwin- proposed the natural selection as an explanation of evolution
• 1859 - Darwin's complete theory is published in “ on the origin of species”
• Gregor Mendel - theory of genetics, he observed the Mendelian Principles of Heredity
• Louis Pasteur - father of microbiology - pioneered pasteurization, a process of heating milk to a high temperature and pressure to eliminate souring caused bacteria - proposed the germ theory of disease, in which diseases arise from naturally existing microorganisms not from spontaneous generation - developed a vaccine for rabies and disproved spontaneous generation theory.
• Hugo de Vries - interpreted the terms of mutations that result in a genetically distinct species, the survival of a given species was thus related to its ability to adapt to its environment through such mutations.
• 1957 - launch of the first artificial satellite
• 1961 - the first human went into space
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - It is the molecule carrying the genetic code.
• Radio Astronomy- has been used to map the Milky way, study quasars, pulsars, and other unusual objects and detect relatively complex organic molecules floating in space.
• 20th century - What century does the electronic industry made a computer that once might have filled an entire room, which now can be carried in an attach case.
• watt steam engine- the steam engine made of iron and fueled primarily by coal became widely used in Great Britain during the industrial revolution.
• Mettalurgy- a major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal.
• James Watt and Matthew Boulton - steam engine that became perfectly successful in 1778
• Machine tools - It has created a demand for metal parts used in machinery. This led to the development of several machine tools for cutting metal parts.
• John Roebuck - invented sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process
• Sulphuric Acid - used for picking (removing dust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth.
• Nicolas Leblanc - introduced a method for the production of sodium carbonate in 1791
• The development of bleaching powder calcium hypochlorite - This has revolutionalized the bleaching process in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk.
• Joseph Aspdin - a british bricklayer turned builder, patended a chemical process for making Portland cement in 1824
• William Murdoch - gas ligthing - The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820.
• Cylinder process - A new method of producing glass that was developed in Europe during the early 19th century
• the Chance Brothers - they used the process of glass making in 1832 to create sheet glass - They became the leading producers of window and plate glass
• Nicholas Luois Robert - patented the Paper Machine in 1798
• Paper Machine - a machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric
• Jethro Tull - invented an improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth
• Canals - The first technology to allow bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland
• Grand Canal in China - It is known as “the worlds largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence”