GEN BIO 2ND SUMMATIVE

• Plants do not have organs like lungs for breathing nor do they have a circulatory system to transport gases to all cells
• Plants do require oxygen for respiration and need to expel the carbon dioxide produced
• Gaseous exchange in plants

  1. Stomata and lenticels control transpiration and gas exchange

  2. Oxygen released from photosynthesis is utilized for respiration

  
• Gas exchange in plants

  The process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave and carbon dioxide enters plant leaves

  
• Differences in gas exchange between plants and animals

  • Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen
  • Animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide

  
• Lenticels


  • Openings on the outer surfaces of thick woody stems and fruit covers for gaseous exchange
  • Interior of woody stems is mostly dead tissue that does not respire
• Gaseous exchange in plant roots

  1. Occurs directly through root hairs by diffusion

  2. Respiration in plants is slower than in animals
• Gas exchange in animals

  1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move by diffusion across moist membranes

  2. In simple animals, exchange occurs directly with the environment

  3. In complex animals, exchange occurs between the environment and the blood

  
• Breathing


  • An involuntary event regulated by the respiratory center in the brain
  • Consists of inhalation of oxygenated air and exhalation of deoxygenated air
• Respiratory system function


  Deliver oxygen to body tissues and remove carbon dioxide
• Main structures of the human respiratory system

  • Nasal cavity
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
• All aerobic organisms require oxygen to carry out metabolic functions
• Respiratory system complexity


  • Correlates with organism size
  • Diffusion distances increase and surface area to volume ratio drops as size increases
  • Diffusion across cell membrane is sufficient for unicellular organisms
• Respiration by direct diffusion

  1. Sufficient for small multicellular organisms less than 1mm in diameter

  2. Every cell is close to the external environment
• Respiratory organs in different animals

  • Skin
  • Gills
  • Tracheal systems
• Terrestrial vertebrates have well-developed respiratory systems with lungs
• • Frogs swallow air into their lungs, where oxygen diffuses into the blood
  • Amphibians can also exchange gases through their skin
• Processes to compare and contrast in plants and animals

  • Reproduction
  • Development
  • Nutrition
  • Gas exchange
  • Transport/circulation
  • Regulation of body fluids
  • Chemical and nervous control
  • Immune systems
  • Sensory and motor mechanisms
• The nutrients used by animals include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins
• Carbohydrates

  The basic source of energy for all animals. Animals obtain their carbohydrates from the external environment (compared with plants, which synthesize carbohydrates by photosynthesis)
• About one-half to two-thirds of the total calories every animal consumes daily are from carbohydrates
• Glucose


  The carbohydrate most often used as an energy source. This monosaccharide is metabolized during cellular respiration, and part of the energy is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Other useful carbohydrates

  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
  • Starch
• Lipids


  Used to form cellular and organelle membranes, the sheaths surrounding nerve fibers, and certain hormones. One type of lipid, fats, are extremely useful energy sources
• Nucleic acids


  Used for the construction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and ATP. Animals obtain their nucleic acids from plant and animal tissues, especially from cells that contain nuclei. During digestion, the nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides, which are absorbed into the cells
• Proteins


  Form the framework of the animal body. Proteins are essential components of the cytoplasm, membranes, and organelles. They are also the major components of muscles, ligaments, and tendons, and they are the essential substances of enzymes. Proteins are composed of 20 kinds of amino acids. Although many amino acids can be synthesized, many others must be supplied in the diet. During digestion, proteins are broken down into their constituent amino acids, which are absorbed into the body
• Minerals required by animals

  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
  • Potassium
  • Magnesium
  • Zinc
• Vitamins

  Organic compounds essential in trace amounts to the health of animals. Vitamins can be water soluble or fat soluble. Water-soluble vitamins must be consumed frequently, while fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver in fat droplets
• Essential vitamins


  • Vitamin A for good vision
  • Vitamin B for substances used in cellular respiration (FAD, NAD, and coenzyme A)
  • Vitamin D to assist calcium absorption in the body
• Feeding patterns of animals

  • Sponges feed on small particles of food that enter their pores
  • Sea cucumbers wave their tentacles about and trap food on their sticky surfaces
  • Mollusks, such as clams and oysters, feed by filtering materials through a layer of mucus in their gills
  • Certain arthropods feed exclusively on fluids
• Types of animals based on diet

  • Herbivores (eat only plants)
  • Carnivores (eat only other animals)
  • Omnivores (consume both plants and animals)

  
• Autotrophic nutrition


  Plants exhibit autotrophic nutrition and are called primary producers. Plants synthesis their food by using light, carbon dioxide and water
• Heterotrophic nutrition


  Both animals and human beings are called heterotrophs, as they depend on plants for their food
• Main nutrients needed by plants for growth

  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Potassium (K)
• Other important nutrients for plants

  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Sulfur
• Plants have the capability to make their own food while animals cannot
• Plants are autotrophic while animals are heterotrophic
• Animals depend on plants and other organisms for food while plants rely on sunlight, water and air
• Plants and animals do not have presence of chlorophyll on their cells
• Centrioles

  • Site for cell division