Period 2

• SPANISH Goals: 

  • Set up large plantations in the Caribbean to produce cash crops to be exported to Europe
  • Spread their Catholic religion to Natives
• FRENCH/ DUTCH Goals: 

  • trade with Native Americans - wanted a fur trade monopoly
  • Participate in a mercantilist economy
• Dutch gave Dutch West India Company control of the colony for economic and trading purposes
• BRITISH Goals:

  • Number of poor and landless people in Britain increased with a rapid population increase and an economic depression
  • Groups like the Separatist and the Puritans wanted the freedom of religion in the Americas after being prosecuted in Britain
  • Extract resources and precious metals to enrich Britain 
  • Joint-stock companies reduced risk and spread profits of migration to the Americas - attracted settlers to the Americas 
• British Colonies were either proprietary (under authority of the individual given a charter by the King), royal (under direct control of the King), or corporate (run by joint-stock companies)
• BRITISH

  First colonies, for example, Jamestown, struggled with starvation and conflicts with Native tribes - eventually cultivated tobacco which developed to be a major cash crop export to Europe
• Virginia attracted single poor males from Britain to work as indentured servants on tobacco plantations - created a sharp division between the poor laborers and rich plantation owner in Virginia
• Other colonies such as Plymouth and the New England colonies were colonized by religious groups - continued to attract this religious group from Britain
• Representative governments - some democratic ideas - different colonies had different degrees of religious tolerance
• Colonial economy and the type of goods they extracted and traded depended on their environment and labor supply
• Metacom’s War (King Phillips War) - local native tribes allied with the Native revolters and the New Englanders - War ended with the revolters being executed or exiled
• British colonizers attempted to convert local Native tribes but both groups believed that their religion and culture was the superior one
• CHESAPEAKE 

  Environment:

  • Marshy soil & humid climate - not ideal for subsistence farming
  • diseases spread through insectos (yellow fever, malaria) - early settlers died from disease and starvation

  Economics:

  • Tobacco was cultivated and became a cash crop
  • Colonies became small plantations labored by indentured servants and some African slaves
  • Headright system was used to bring indentured servants from England
  • Sharp divide of rich plantation owners and poor indentured servants or small farmers
• NEW ENGLAND

  Environment:

  • Healthier

  Economics:

  • Less large scale agriculture
  • Not many Africans or indentured servants
  • Farms produced just enough 

  Culture:

  • Puritan - believed the Anglican Church was too similar to the Catholic church - wanted to “purify” the church of England 
  • Hoped that setting a example of a righteous society in the Americas, they could persuade the Anglican church to adopt their religion 
  • Strict religious intolerance - questioning Puritan ideologies were executed 

  Demography:

  • 14,000 Puritans migrated from England to the Americans in the 1630s - GREAT MIGRATION
  • More families
• MIDDLE

  Environment:

  • Ideal environment for crops and timber
  • Good location for trade

  Economics:

  • Proprietary colonies - independently owned
  • Industrial workers and artisans
  • Not fond of slavery
  • Middle sized farms
  • Mixed economy for farming and industry 
  • Mixed class wealth distribution 

  Culture:

  • Quakerism - people are equal
  • Religious tolerance to all
  • Religiously diverse
• SOUTHERN

  Economics:

  • Sugar, rice, tobacco, and indigo plantations - sugar became a profitable export
  • Sugar cultivation is labor intensive - enslaved Africans were imported
  • Rice cultivation took over sugar in the Carolinas
  • Proprietary colonies - Maryland & Georgia 
  • Georgia contained debt prisoners

  Culture:

  • Followed Anglican church

  Demographics:

  • Colonist, enslaved Africans, debt prisoners
• PUEBLO REVOLT

  • Spain expanded into Southwest United States and forced the local Peubloans to convert to Catholicism and be laborers for Spanish maize crops
  • Missionaries built churches 
  • Pope’s rebellion killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 South
  • Spain returned in 1692 and regained control of the area - this produced religious syncretism 
  • Spain decreased the encomienda system
  • Pueblo customs influenced New Mexican culture
• BACON’S REBELLION

  • Caused by navigation acts with heightened prices and indentured servants weren’t making much.
  • Governor Berkley of Virginia didn’t want to induce conflict with Natives (no response to concerns from indentured servants) - tension with Natives because they thought their pigs were being stolen
  • Indentured servants weren’t receiving their promised land
  • Bacon put together a rebellion and they destroyed multiple towns - rebellion slowed down and stopped when Bacon died
  • Shift away from indentured servitude to the use of enslaved Africans as laborers
• THE ENLIGHTENMENT

  • Movement in literature and philosophy
  • John Locke - reasoned that while the government is supreme its has to follow laws honoring basic rights of people because they are human - citizens have a right and obligation to revolt against governments that don’t meet or protect their rights
  • Rationale and principles for the American Revolution 
  • UNITED AND DIVIDED ENGLAND AND COLONIES
• THE GREAT AWAKENING

  • Protestant churches portrayed God as a benign creator 
  • Characterized by expressions of religious feeling among masses of people - strongest during the 1730s and 1740s
  • Most influence NEW ENGLAND
  • George Whitefield - came from England to the colonies in 1739 - delivered effective sermons
  • Less dependence on ministers 
  • Caused division within churches - some supported “New Lights” and others “Old Lights”
  • Called for SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
  • Regardless of social status or origin - increased nationalism and American culture 
  • Changed the way people viewed authority
• NAVIGATION ACTS

  • First Navigation Act passed in 1681 
  • aimed to control terms of trade between Britain and its colones
  • Frequent changes in British government led to changes in the colonial relationship 
  • 1720s-1760s - salutary neglect - British officials overlooked colonists’ violations of the Navigation Acts
  • 1760s - King George III attempted to reassert control over colonial trade
  • DIVIDED ENGLAND AND COLONIES
• CONSUMER REVOLUTION

  • As colonies developed, arts and literature from Europe gained popularity among rich plantation owners in the South and merchants in the North
  • New ideas in the colonies circulated by means of a postal system and local printing press
  • UNITED ENGLAND AND COLONIES
• • Stono Rebellion - South Carolina - 1739
  • Literate enslaved man named Jemmy led a large group of enslaved people against white colonists killing several before a militia stopped them
  • Resulted in South Carolina passing a new slave code in 1740 - imposed new limits of enslaved people’s behaviors
• • New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741
  • 13 fires broke out & white said that enslaved people did it as part of a revolt
  • 200 enslaved people were interrogated and arrested
  • Government executed 17 enslaved people, and 70 enslaved people were sent to the West Indies
• PANIC AMONG WHITE COLONISTS SPURRED VIOLENCE UPON THE ENSLAVED POPULATION
• ECONOMIC

  • Most slaves were transported to the Caribbean to work on large sugar plantations - intensive and dangerous labor
  • Southern colonies and Chesapeake colonies (after Bacon’s rebellion) had the most slave labor because of their plantation agriculture and the decreasing use of indentured servants as laborers
  • New England had the least slave labor because of their lack of large-scale agriculture
  • Outside of the South, African Americans worked a wider range of jobs like blacksmith - because these states were industrial 
  • Every colony passed laws that discriminated against African Americans
• DEMOGRAPHIC

  • By 1775, African American population made up 20 percent of the colonial population 
  • 90 percent lived in the Southern colonies
• Skill: Compare how different European powers started in America
• Mercantilism: America produce raw goods while Britain sell out processed ones
• Mayflower Compact: A document that outlined the rights and responsibilities of the Pilgrims. To follow the colonists laws
• Headright System: Land given immigrants who paid for their own transportation to the colonies
• Zenger Case: freedom of press
• Salutary Neglect: British government did not interfere with Colonial affairs unless it was necessary
• Early democracy was proven through the Mayflower Compact and the House of Burgesses
• Anglicanization: becoming more English
• House of Burgesse: first government in colonies