chapter 3

• types of pipes

  • plastic pipe
  • cast iron pipes (ci pipe)
  • galvanized iron pipe (gi pipe)
  • copper pipes
• plastic pipe

  these pipes, which includes rubber and PVC pipes, are used for the supply of water acidic water and alkaline water. hot water should not be carried out. these pipes are joined using a thread joint or socket is joined with a solution. such pipes are not rusted. they are light in weight. cutting, bending, and joining are easy for easy these pipes
• plastic pipe

  • PVC pipe (polyvinyl chloride)
  • PE pipe (polyethylene)
  • PPR pipe (polypropylene random copolymer)
  • CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)
• pvc pipe (polyvinyl chloride)

  • most common for plumbing
  • common replacement for metal piping
  • used for unheated water as well as vent and drainage system
  • usually comes in white or dark gray
• pe pipe (polyethylene)

  • intended for long-span water system installation
  • allows cost saving in installation
  • includes distribution of pressurized natural, pipelines carrying petroleum and petroleum products and chemicals, underground loops for geothermal heating and cooling systems, distribution of compressed gasses and air, potable water mains and service lines, and sanitary and storm sewer systems
• PPR pipe (polypropylene random copolymer)

  • are designed for the distribution of hot and cold water
• CPVC pipe (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)

  • is altered by a free radical chlorination reaction that effectively increases the chlorine content of the material
  • it can withstand wider range of temperatures
  • it can handle temperatures up to 200 degrees fahrenheit
• cast iron pipe

  these pipes are used in sewage networks for the purpose of conveying sewage from homes and offices. they are one of the oldest piping systems present today and are being largely replaced by high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes and polychloride (PVC) pipes
• galvanized iron pipe

  is steel, which has been galvanized by the application of a protective coating of zinc, which reduces rust and corrosion. preffered due to their strength and duability - life expectancy of about 70 years.
• copper pipes

  are made of small diameter. does not admit rust, these pipes and durable. however, costly, therfore, they are used in limited places. these types of pipes are generally used to carry hot water or steam. they do not bend or sag even at high temperatures.
• plumbing materials

  • solvent weld or solvent welding
  • teflon tape
  • fittings
• solvent weld or solvent welding

  it is a way of joining two pieces of plastic waste pipes using a glue which is called solvent weld cement. the cement is liberally applied to both parts of the connection and the solvent welds the parts together.
• teflon tape

  it is specifically for attachment of threaded pipe on fittings
• fittings

  are any pipe part used to join two sections of pipes. these are detachable piece of pipe or tubing that either connects to another piece or tubing or connects two such pipes
• types of fittings

  • elbow pipe
  • reducer pipe
  • tee type pipe
  • cross type
  • coupling
  • unions
  • adaptors
  • plug
  • cap
  • nipple
  • valves
• elbow pipe fittings

  used to change the direction of flow between two pipes. generally available with an angle of 22.5 degress, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. if pipes are of same diameter then noral elbows are used otherwise reducer elbows are used
• reducer pipe fittings

  is a pipe fitting omponent which reduces the flow size from larger to smaller by reducing the size of the pipe
• 2 types of reducer

  • concentric reducer
  • eccentric reducer
• concentric reducer

  cone shape with gradual decreasing around the pipe but in this case accumulation of air may possible and it results in cavitation
• eccentric reducer

  one edge parallel to the connecting pipe due to which air accumulation is not possible
• tee type fitting

  is a component of plumbing system which is in T-shape. it is having one inlet and two outlets. outlets are arranged at 90 degrees to the main line connection (inlet). it can also be used to combine the flow from two different sizes. if the three sides of t-fitting are similar in size then it is called as equal tee otherwise it is called unequal tee
• cross type of fitting

  contains four opening in four direction. these are connected when there are 4 pipes meeting at a point. these fittings generate more amount of stress on pipe as the temperaturechanges, because they are located at the center of four connection points. corss fittings are generally used for fire sprinkler systems
• coupling

  used to connect the pipes of same diameter. also useful if the pipes is broken or leakage occurs
• 2 types of coupling

  • compression coupling
  • slip coupling
• compression coupling

  is regular coupling which is connected between two pipes and it prevents leakage by the arrangemnet of gaskets or rubber seals on both sides, oherwise glue is provided
• slip coupling

  is easier to install and it contains two pipes which are arranged as one into other. inner pipe can slide up to some length so we can fix long length damaged pipe by slip coupling
• unions

  functions as similar to coupling. but coupling cannot be remove after fixing but in this case we can remove whenever needed. consists of nut, male and female ended threads.
• adaptors

  if the pipes are not having special ends or plains ends then adaptors make them threaded either male or female whichever is needed. generally used for copper and pvc pipes. one end of adapter is plain which is glued or welded or soldered to the plain pipe end
• plug

  is a component of plumbing ehich is generally used to close pipe opening during inspections and repairs. contains male threads
• cap

  function is same as plug but the only difference is plug contain male threads and this one contain female thread which screws on the ale thread of the pipe. these are available in different materials like rubber, copper, steel, and plastic
• nipple

  consists of a short piece of pipe, usually povided with a male pipe thread at each end for connecting two other fittings
• valves

  are used to control the flow of fluids and gases through a system. in addition, some valves are also used to contro temperature.