science final

• Biochemistry


  Branch of chemistry that deals with the properties and reactions of molecules in living organisms
• Biomolecules


  Building blocks of living things, considered as "macromolecules" (macro = large)
• Metallic bonding


  • Type of chemical bonding between 2 or more metal atoms
• Covalent Bond


  • Bonding between two non-metal atoms
• Ionic Bond


  • Bonding between a metal and a non-metal atom
• Polymer


  Long molecule that consists of several monomers, which are combined through covalent bonding
• Monomer


  Building blocks of biomolecules
• Monomers

  • Monosaccharides (Carbohydrates)
  • Glycerol and Fatty Acids (Lipids)
  • Amino Acids (Proteins)
  • Nucleotides (Nucleic Acids)

  
• Bioelements that make up living things

  • Carbon (C)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
• 4 Major Types of Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
• Carbon


  • Found in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, can be found in all parts of all living things
• Oxygen


  • Most abundant element in Earth's crust, present in all forms of biomolecules
• Nitrogen


  • Most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere, can be found in proteins and nucleic acids
• Hydrogen


  • Simplest element, present in carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates


  Derived from the Greek word "sakcharon" which means "sugar", also called "saccharides", major function is to provide immediate energy to the body
• Classification of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Simplest form of carbohydrate, also called "single sugar" (mono = single, sacharr = sugar), considered as the building blocks of complex carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Disaccharides


  Formed when two monosaccharides are combined, undergo a process called "Dehydration synthesis"
• Polysaccharides


  Most abundant type of carbohydrates that are naturally occurring, consists of more than 10 monosaccharides units
• Polysaccharides


  • Glycogen
  • Chitin
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
• Lipids


  Organic compounds that are insoluble in water, Fatty Acid is the building block of lipids
• Major Functions of Lipids

  • Storage of energy
  • Chemical signals in the cell (hormones)
  • Boundaries for cells
  • Cushion for organs
• Classification of Lipids

  • Fats and Oils
  • Waxes
  • Steroids
  • Phospholipids
• Fats and Oils


  Triaglycerides: commonly known as fats and oils, animals have fats that they use to store energy, provide insulation, and protect the sensitive parts of the body, plants also store energy in the form of oils, which can be found in their seeds
• Saturated Fats


  Single bonded and are solid at room temperature, considered bad fats
• Unsaturated Fats


  Double bonded and are liquid at room temperature, considered good fats
• Waxes


  Typically found in plants and are used as protection to avoid water loss
• Steroids


  Have a significant role in reproduction, regulation of metabolism, and absorption
• Phospholipids


  Found in the bilayer of the membrane in plants, serves as a membrane structural component, has a phospholipid bilayer that is hydrophobic and hydrophilic in the cell membranes
• Proteins


  Considered as the primary building materials of the body, Amino Acid is the building block of protein
• Main Functions of Proteins

  • Serve as transport and storage of essential substances
  • Responsible for coordinating movements, and provide mechanical support and protection against diseases
• Peptide Bond


  Formed when an amino group and a carboxyl group condense during the synthesis of protein
• Polypeptide


  Final product of the amino acid chain which is made up of this long chains
• Structure of Proteins

  • Primary Structure
  • Secondary Structure
  • Tertiary Structure
  • Quaternary Structure
• Primary Structure


  Unique sequence of amino acid linked in its polypeptide chain that makes up the protein
• Primary Structure

  • Insulin - hormone secreted by our pancreas that regulated the level of blood sugar or glucose from getting too high or too low
• Secondary Structure


  Located within long polypeptide, where the chains are organized into a regular pattern of hydrogen bonds between carbonyl and amino groups
• Secondary Structure


  • Alpha-Helix (α-helix) - structure like a loosely coiled spring
  • Beta-Helix (β-helix) - the chains are folded so that they lie down along each other
• Tertiary Structure


  Three-dimensional structure that covers all the polypeptide chain