PLANTS

• Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that produces identical offspring from a single parent plant. Since offspring are products of their parents, asexual reproduction eliminates genetic recombination.
• The type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures is called vegetative reproduction. (Stems, leaves, and roots)
• Tuber - new shoots arise from axillary bud on swollen, short, fleshy, underground stem. POTATO
• Runner - new plants arise at aboveground horizontal stem.
• Tuber - auxillary bud in swollen underground stem.
• Corm - arise from underground stem with thin, scaly leaves.
• Rhizome - underground horizontal rootlike stem
• Bulb - arise from very short stems with thick, fleshy leaves.
• Artificial propagation is often faster than growing plants from seeds.
• Cutting - an artificial plant propagation where leaves of stem or roots are cut from one plant, planted in soil, and used to grow new individuals.
• Budding and grafting - small stems from one plant are attached to larger stems of another plant.
• Tissue culture - pieces of tissue from one plant are placed on a sterile medium and used to grow new individuals in mass numbers
• Plant cells are totipotent or has the capability oof becoming a new plant.
• Macronutrients – are molecules that plants need in relatively large amounts. (Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus)
• Micronutrients – are those required in relatively small quantities. (Chlorine, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Boron, Copper, Molybdenum)
• Self pollination is when the stamen's pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same plant.
• Cross pollination is when the pollen is carried to the stigma of another plant.
• Tropism – the process of growth in a certain direction in response to stimulus
• Conducting water and dissolved minerals through the Xylem
• Conducting manufactured food via the Phloem
• Stomata - the leaf opening for gas exchange
• Root anchors to the soil for support and absorbs water
• Stem - the main axis of the plant
• Apical meristem - primary growth; occurs at the tips of shoots and roots. Produces new leaves and flowers.
• Lateral meristem - secondary growth, occurring in the cambium. Produces bark on trees.
• Epidermis protects the plant from infection and water loss. It regulates the gas exchange in plant cells.
• Parenchyma - thin-walled; allows osmosis, allows gaseous exchange, storage.
• Collenchyma - thicker, uneven cell walls; SUPPORT
• Sclerenchyma - Even cell walls; strength and rigid
• Dermal tissues: stomata and epidemis
• Ground tissues: Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
• Vascular tissues - xylem and phloem
• Thigmonasty: This is a type of rapid movement or response in plants to touch or physical contact. For example, certain plants might fold or close their leaves in response to being touched.
• Thigmotropism is the directional growth response of a plant to touch or contact with solid objects.
• Thigmomorphogenesis: This refers to the changes in plant growth and development caused by mechanical stimulation or touch.
• Geotropism: Also known as gravitropism, it is the growth or movement of plants in response to gravity.
• Phototropism is the growth or movement of plants in response to light. Most commonly, stems and leaves exhibit positive one, meaning they grow towards sources of light.