NEW FILES

• Midbrain

  Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, alertness, and temperature regulation
• Midbrain

  • Coordinates sensory information with simple movement
  • Small part only
• Reticular Formation

  Stereotypical patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping, and other reflexes
• Pons

  Contains nuclei that relay signals from forebrain to cerebellum along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture
• Medulla Oblongata

  • Involuntary movements
  • Contains cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor centers
  • Regulates autonomic, involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
• Allen Hand Syndrome

  • Feeling that one's hand is possessed by a force outside of one's control
  • Typically arises after trauma to the brain, after brain surgery, or after a stroke or an infection of the brain
• Triune Brain Theory

  • Proposed by Dr. Paul Maclean-understanding brain in terms of evolutionary history
  • Do not operate independently; Interplay of memory and emotion
• Reptilian

  • Brainstem and cerebellum
  • Involuntary movements (heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and balance)
  • Oldest
  • Rigid and compulsive
• Limbic

  • Midbrain
  • Visceral system
  • Hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
  • Emotions (seat of the value judgments)
  • First mammals
• Neocortex

  • Forebrain
  • Left and right hemispheres
  • Speech (Broca's Area)
  • Language, abstract thought, consciousness
  • Primates
• Wernicke's Area

  Comprehension of speech sounds, receptive language, located on left temporal lobe
• Wernicke's Aphasia

  Speech that is fluent but meaningless and it also affects comprehension of language
• Anterograde Amnesia

  Loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact
• Retrograde Amnesia

  Loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease
• Cerebellum

  • 10% of brains volume, 50% of neurons in the brain (all in all there are 100 billion neurons)
  • Motor structure (balance and posture) and damage could lead to impairments
  • Modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body position or changes in load upon muscles
  • Coordination of voluntary movements (timing and force of different muscle groups to produce fluid limb or body movements)
  • Motor learning (adapting and fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial-and-error process
  • Cognitive functions (extend beyond motor control in ways that are not yet well understood)
• Cerebrum/Cerebral Hemisphere

  • Largest portion of brain
  • Controls sensory function for intelligence, personality, and understanding
  • Thought and movement
  • Has 2 hemispheres: right (logical, higher mental process), left (linguistic)
  • Corpus Callosum: connects right and left cerebrum
• Cerebral Cortex

  • Outermost layer of gray matter making up the most superficial aspect of the cerebrum
• Gyri (Gyrus)

  Elevated ridges
• Sulci (Sulcus)

  Small grooves dividing gyri
• Central Sulcus

  Divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe
• Lateral/Sylvian Fissure

  Divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe
• Transverse Fissure

  Divides cerebrum and cerebellum
• Longitudinal Fissure

  Divides 2 hemispheres of cerebrum (left and right)
• Hypothalamus

  • Controls body temp, thirst, hunger, salt and water balance and emotional behaviour
  • Production of various hormones
• Thalamus

  • Processes the signals received from the sense organs before relaying them to the cerebrum
  • Signal sorter
  • Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas
  • In some way produces the emotions of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations
• Brain Stem

  • Connect brain to spinal cord
  • Controls involuntary muscles, or muscles that work without you making a conscious effort
  • Act as a messenger by processing information and sending signals to the body
  • Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
• FOREBRAIN


  - Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

  - Higher mental processes

  - Controls voluntary movement and integration of senory information

  - Involved in the forming and storage of memory and emotion
• MIDBRAIN


  - Relays information from sense organs

  - Responsible for eye reflexes and regulates sleep

  - Controls posture and walking
• HINDBRAIN


  - Pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

  - Controls most basic functions(respiration, circulation, digestion)

  - Govern automated body systems

  - Controls heart, breathing, sleep patterns, bladder function, sense of equilibrium, and fine motor control
• FRONTAL LOBE


  Responsible for logical reasoning and behavior, emotions, personality, decision making, and speaking
• PARIETAL LOBE


  Responsible for tactile sensory information
• TEMPORAL LOBE


  Responsible for hearing/language and is the memory center of the brain
• CEREBELLUM


  - Motor structure (balance & posture)

  - Coordination of voluntary body movements
• CEREBRUM


  - Largest part of the brain

  - Controls sensory function for intelligence, personality, and understanding
• CORPUS CALLOSUM


  Connects left and right cerebrum
• HYPOTHALAMUS


  - Production of various hormones

  - Controls body temp, thirst, hunger, salt and water balance, and emotional behavior
• THALAMUS


  - Signal sorter

  - Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas

  - Processes the signals received from the sense organs before relaying them to the cerebrum
• PONS


  - Reticular formation

  - Contains nuclei that relay signals from forebrain to cerebellum along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture
• REPTILLIAN


  - Brainstem and cerebellum

  - Involuntary movements
• LIMBIC


  - Midbrain

  - Visceral System

  - Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

  - Emotions