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• Ping is a command-line utility, available on virtually any operating system with network connectivity that acts as a test to see if a networked device is reachable

  
• Ping


  Packet InterNet Groper
• The ping command sends out an echo request. If it finds the target system, the remote host sends back an echo reply
• The distance (number of hops) to the remote system can be determined from the reply, as well as the conditions in-between (packet loss and time to respond)
• Ping command


  Tests the ability of the source computer to reach a specified destination computer

  
• Ping command operation


  1. Sends Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination computer

  2. Waits for a response

  
• The result of each echo request is displayed, showing whether the request received a successful response, how many bytes were received in response, the Time to Live (TTL), and how long the response took to receive, along with statistics about packet loss and round trip times
• Ping command syntax


  ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r count] [-s count] [-w timeout] [-R] [-S srcaddr] [-p] [-4] [-6] target [/?]
• Ping command options


  • -t
  • -a
  • -n count
  • -l size
  • -f
  • -i TTL
  • -v TOS
  • -r count
  • -s count
  • -w timeout
  • -R
  • -S srcaddr
  • -p
  • -4
  • -6
  • target
• What can you do with ping

  • Ping a URL to see if you can reach an internet destination
  • Ping a URL to resolve its IP address
  • Ping your router to see if you can reach it
  • Ping your loopback address (127.0.0.1)

  
• Using the ping command

  1. Click on Start Button, then type cmd (command prompt) on the search box

  2. A black screen will appear

  3. Type ping followed by the IP address you desire to verify
• The output of the ping command shows: Decoding names to network addresses, Round-trip response time, Routing hop count

  
• The setup of a peer-to-peer network requires specialized software
• Individual users have responsibility over who can access data and resources on their computers
• One important issue with peer-to-peer networks is security
• In a P2P network, files are shared between the different computers
• In a client/server network, the server provides the requested information or service to the client
• Data backups and security measures are implemented by the network administrator
• Network users with the proper permissions can access both the data and shared printers
• For data protection, an administrator performs a routine backup of all the files on the servers. If a computer crashes, or data is lost, the administrator can easily recover the data from a recent backup
• Entire network composed of clients is controlled by a centralized server
• File Sharing


  Sharing of or offering access to digital information or resources, including documents, multimedia (audio/video), graphics, computer programs, images and e-books
• Common file sharing techniques

  • Removable storage devices
  • Centralized file hosting server installations on networks
  • World Wide Web-oriented hyperlinked documents
  • Distributed peer-to-peer networks
• Printer Sharing


  • Allows a computer to make an attached printer available to other computer users on the network
  • When printing to a shared printer, the information is sent across the network to the print server, which stores the print information and then sends it as a normal print job to its locally attached printer
• Enabling file and printer sharing in Windows 7

  1. Click "Start" -> "Control Panel" -> "Network and Sharing Center"

  2. From the left panel, click "Change advanced sharing settings"

  3. Under the "Domain (current profile)" session, choose either "Turn on file and printer sharing" or "Turn off file and printer sharing"
• All computers that use the shared printer must have the correct drivers installed
• Drivers for other operating systems can be installed on the print server
• To connect to the printer from another computer on the network, choose Start > Printers and Faxes > Add Printer and follow the Add Printer Wizard
• High End Printers usually require a separate print server
• Removable storage device is one of the most common techniques/methods of file sharing
• File Sharing can be done using several methods
• File Sharing is offering access to digital information